Antihypercholesterolemic Effects of Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Root Waste Extract on Hypercholesterolemic Rats and its Antioxidant Potential Properties
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2014.500.505Keywords:
Antioxidant capacity, beet root Pulp, beta vulgaris, DPPH, hypercholesterolemia, lipid profile, ratsAbstract
The methanolic extract of beet (Beta vulgaris L.) root waste was investigated for its possible antihypercholesterolemic in cholesterol rich diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in male adult albino rats and its antioxidant potential. Different in vitro assays used for determining antioxidant potential of extracts of pulp wastes were: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity. Thirty five adult male albino rats were randomly divided into two main groups, the first main group (control negative: 7 rats each) fed on basal diet only, while the second main group (28 rat) fed on hypercholesterolemic diet (basal diet, 1% cholesterol, 0.25% bile salt and 15% beef tallow) for 1 month to raise the lipid profile level. After that, these hypercholesterolemic rats divided into four subgroups as follow: the first subgroup (control positive) fed on hypercholesterolemic diet only, while the other three subgroups fed on hypercholesterolemic diet and administered orally with beet root waste extract (BRWE) at a dose of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg/day, respectively. Lipid profile was measured in serum of rats. The results indicated that, administration with extract of beet root waste at the doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg b.w for 30 day showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-c and caused also a significant (p<0.05) increase in HDL-c level. Total phenols were analyzed in the extract of BRWE and the results showed a high content of total phenols and antioxidant capacity. The DPPH scavenging activity IC50 values of the methanolic extracts were (253 μg/mL).These findings indicate that the extract has a significant antihypercholesterolemic and antioxidant potential and/or free radical scavenging properties in hypercholesterolemic rats possibly exerted by the phytoconstituents present in the beet root waste. So, these results pave the way for utilization of bio-wastes from the food industry.
References
Warnick, G.R., J. Benderson and J.J. Albers, 1983. Dextran Sulfate-Mg2+ Precipitation Procedure for Quantification of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol. In: Selected Methods of Clinical Chemistry, Volume 10, Cooper, G.R. (Eds.). American Association for Clinical Chemistry, Washington, DC., USA., pp: 91-99.
Al-Dosari, M., S. Alqasoumi, M. Ahmad, M. Al-Yahya, M.N. Ansari and S. Rafatullah, 2011. Effect of Beta vulgaris L. on cholesterol rich diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Farmacia, 59: 669-678.
Ames, B.N., L.S. Gold and W.C. Willet, 1995. The causes and prevention of cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 92: 5258-5265.
Ashraf, Z.A., M.E. Hussain and M. Fahim, 2005. Antiatherosclerotic effects of dietary supplementations of garlic and turmeric: Restoration of endothelial function in rats. Life Sci., 77: 837-857.
Bobek, P., S. Galbavy and M. Mariassyova, 2000. The effect of red beet (Beta vulgaris var. rubra) fiber on alimentary hypercholesterolemia and chemically induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Food/Nahrung, 44: 184-187.
Buffon, A., S.A. Santini, V. Ramazzotti, S. Rigattieri and G. Liuzzo et al., 2000. Large, sustained cardiac lipid peroxidation and reduced antioxidant capacity in the coronary circulation after brief episodes of myocardial ischemia. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 35: 633-639.
Cao, G., S.L. Booth, J.A. Sadowski and R.L. Prior, 1998. Increases in human plasma antioxidant capacity following consumption of controlled diets high in fruits and vegetables. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 68: 1081-1087.
Dauchet, L., P. Amouyel, S. Hercberg and J. Dallongeville, 2006. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. J. Nutr., 136: 2588-2593.
van Duyn, M.A. and E. Pivonka, 2000. Overview of the health benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption for the dietetics professional: Selected literature. J. Am. Dietetic Assoc., 100: 1511-1521.
Ferrari, C.K.B., 2004. Functional foods, herbs and nutraceuticals: Towards biochemical mechanisms of healthy aging. Biogerontology, 5: 275-289.
Ferrari, C.K.B. and E.A.F.S. Torres, 2003. Biochemical pharmacology of functional foods and prevention of chronic diseases of aging. Biomed. Pharmacother., 57: 251-260.
Friedewald, W.T., R.I. Levy and D.S. Fredrickson, 1972. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin. Chem., 18: 499-502.
Gokkusu, C. and T. Mostafazadeh, 2003. Changes of oxidative stress in various tissues by long-term administration of vitamin E in hypercholesterolemic rats. Clinica Chimica Acta, 328: 155-161.
Grundy, S.M. and M.A. Denke, 1990. Review-Dietary influences on serum lipids and lipoproteins. J. Lipid Res., 31: 1149-1172.
Gupta, R., H.P. Gupta, N. Kumar, A.K. Joshi and V.P. Gupta, 1994. Lipoprotein lipids and the prevalence of hyperlipidaemia in rural India. J. Cardiovasc. Risk, 1: 179-183.
Gupta, R., V. Kaul and H. Prakash, 1995. Profiles of cholesterol and other lipids in Indian men. Indian Heart J., 47: 636-636.
Hostettman, K. and A. Marston, 1995. Saponins (Chemistry and Pharmacology of Natural Products). 1st Edn., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK., ISBN-13: 978-0521329705, pp: 232-286.
Khoo, K.L., H. Tan, Y.M. Liew, J.P. Deslypere and E. Janus, 2003. Lipids and coronary heart disease in Asia. Atherosclerosis, 169: 1-10.
Klimczak, I., M. Malecka, M. Szlachta and A. Gliszczynka-Swiglo, 2007. Effect of storage on the content of polyphenols, vitamin C and the antioxidant activity of orange juices Inga. J. Food Compos. Anal., 20: 313-322.
Mensor, L.L., F.S. Menezes, G.G. Leitao, A.S. Reis, T.C. dos Santos, C.S. Coube and S.G. Leitao, 2001. Screening of Brazilian plant extracts for antioxidant activity by the use of DPPH free radical method. Phytother. Res., 15: 127-130.
Nojiri, S., H. Daida, H. Mokuno, Y. Iwama, K. Mae, F. Ushio and T. Ueki, 2001. Association of serum antioxidant capacity with coronary artery disease in middle-aged men. Jpn. Heart J., 42: 677-690.
Pasko, P., H. Barton, P. Zagrodzki, S. Gorinstein, M. Folta and Z. Zachwieja, 2009. Anthocyanins, total polyphenols and antioxidant activity in amaranth and quinoa seeds and sprouts during their growth. Food Chem., 115: 994-998.
Pitsavos, C., D.B. Panagiotakos, N. Tzima, C. Chrysohoou, M. Economou, A. Zampelas and C. Stefanadis, 2005. Adherence to the mediterranean diet is associated with total antioxidant capacity in healthy adults: The ATTICA study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 82: 694-699.
Prieto, P., M. Pineda and M. Aguilar, 1999. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: Specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal. Biochem., 269: 337-341.
Richmond, W., 1973. Preparation and properties of a cholesterol oxidase from Nocardia sp. and its application to the enzymatic assay of total cholesterol in serum. Clin. Chem., 19: 1350-1356.
Philip, G.R, H.N. Forrest and C.F. George Jr., 1993. AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: Final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc Writing Committee on the Reformulation of the AIN-76A Rodent Diet. J. Nutr., 123: 1939-1951.
Sánchez-Moreno, C., J.A. Larrauri and F. Saura-Calixto, 1998. A procedure to measure the antiradical efficiency of polyphenols. J. Sci. Food Agric., 76: 270-276.
Shahidi, F., C.M. Liyana-Pathirana and D.S. Wall, 2006. Antioxidant activity of white and black sesame seeds and their hull fractions. Food Chem., 99: 478-483.
Matos, S.L., H. de Paula, M.L. Pedrosa, R.C. dos Santos, E.L. de Oliveira, D.A. Chianca Jr. and M.E. Silva, 2005. Dietary models for inducing hypercholesterolemia in rats. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol., 48: 203-209.
Shyamala, B. and P. Jamuna, 2010. Nutritional content and antioxidant properties of pulp waste from Daucus carota and Beta vulgaris. Malaysian J. Nutr., 16: 397-408.
Sud, D., G. Mahajan and M.P. Kaur, 2008. Agricultural waste material as potential adsorbent for sequestering heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions: A review. Bioresour. Technol., 99: 6017-6027.
Trichopoulou, A., P. Orfanos, T. Norat, B. Bueno-de-Mesquita and M.C. Ocke et al., 2005. Modified Mediterranean diet and survival: EPIC-elderly prospective cohort study. Br. Med. J., 330: 991-997.
Trubelja, N., C. Vaughan and N.L. Coplan, 2005. The role of statins in preventing stroke. Prev. Cardiol., 8: 98-101.
Tyssandier, V., C. Feillet-Coudray, C. Caris-Veyrat, J.C. Guilland and C. Coudray et al., 2004. Effect of tomato product consumption on the plasma status of antioxidant microconstituents and on the plasma total antioxidant capacity in healthy subjects. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 23: 148-156.
Villano, D., M.S. Fernandez-Pachon, M.L. Moya, A.M. Troncoso and M.C. Garcia-Parrilla, 2007. Radical scavenging ability of polyphenolic compounds towards DPPH free radical. Talanta, 71: 230-235.
Wahlefeld, A.W., 1974. Triglycerides Determination after Enzymatic Hydrolysis. In: Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Volume 4, Bergmeyer, H.U. (Ed.). 2nd Edn., Academic Press Inc., New York, USA., ISBN: 978-0-12-091304-6, pp: 1831-1835.
Wilson, P.W.F., 1990. High-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein and coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol., 66: A7-A10.
Wu, R., D. Lamontagne and J. de Champlain, 2002. Antioxidative properties of acetylsalicylic acid on vascular tissues from normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circulation, 105: 387-392.
Zhou, S.H., Z.X. Fang, Y. Lu, J.C. Chen, D.H. Liu and X.Q. Ye, 2009. Phenolics and antioxidant properties of bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) pomace. Food Chem., 112: 394-399.
Zulet, M.A., A. Barber, H. Garcin, P. Higueret and J.A. Martinez, 1999. Alterations in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism induced by a diet rich in coconut oil and cholesterol in a rat model. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 18: 36-42.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2014 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
