Utilization of Lignocellulolytic Probiotic Bacteria Consortium as Microbial Protein
Authors
-
I.M. Mudita
Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Udayana University, Badung, Bali, Indonesia
- I.B.G. Partama Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Udayana University, Badung, Bali, Indonesia
- I.N.S. Sutama Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Udayana University, Badung, Bali, Indonesia
- I.W. Suberata Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Udayana University, Badung, Bali, Indonesia
- I.N.T. Ariana Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Udayana University, Badung, Bali, Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2023.81.87Keywords:
Amino acids profile, animal feed, bacteria consortium, functional feed, microbial proteinAbstract
Background and Objectives: While the use of AGPs is band, the development of a competitive and sustainable livestock business faces various challenges, mainly related to the low quality and quantity of local feed. This study aimed to create a synergistic formula of lignocellulolytic probiotic bacteria for the production of microbial protein functional feed that can be used as a substitute of antibiotics growth promoters for the development of competitive and sustainable livestock. Materials and Method: The microbial protein feed was formulated using a superior lignocellulolytic probiotic bacteria isolated from Bali cattle rumen fluid and termites, namely 1)Bacillus subtilis strain BR4LG, Bacillus subtilis strain BR2CL, Aneurinibacillus sp. strain BT4LS, Bacillus sp. strain BT3CL and 5)Bacillus sp. strain BT8XY. “Microbial Direct Feed” formulas were FB0, FB1, FB2, FB3, FB4 and FB5. The nutrient contents, bacteria population, metabolic producet, dry matter and organic matter of in vitro digestibility and amino acids profile were used to evaluate the quality of microbial protein feed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data followed by HSD test for comparison among treatments. Results: In comparison with the control feed (FB0), lignocellulolytic probiotic bacteria produced higher quality (nutrients contents, bacteria population, metabolite substrates and in vitro digestibility) of microbial proteins feed (FB1234, FB1235, FB1245 and FB12345). Bacterial consortium formula FB12345 produced high quality microbial protein feed with the highest nutrients content, bacterial population, metabolite substrates, in vitro digestibility and amino acids profile. Conclusion: The probiotic lignocellulolytic bacteria consortium with formula FB12345 can produce microbial protein feeds of the highest quality.
References
FAO., 2017. The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6583e.pdf.
Barton, M.D., 2000. Antibiotic use in animal feed and its impact on human health. Nutr. Res. Rev., 13: 279-299.
Altmann, B.A. and S. Rosenau, 2022. Spirulina as animal feed: Opportunities and challenges Foods, Vol. 11.
Mudita, I.M., I.G. Mahardika, I.B.G. Partama, I.N. Sujaya, N.N. Suryani and I.W. Suarna, 2019. Screening and identification of superior lignocellulose degrading bacteria from termites. Res. J. Life Sci., Bioinf., Pharm. Chem. Sci., 5: 162-178.
Mudita, M., G.L.O. Cakra, G. Mahardika and N.S. Sutama, 2019. Bakteri Lignoselulolitik, Biokatalis Pakan Limbah Pertanian. 1st Edn., Swasta Nulus, Page: 236.
Mudita, I.M., I.B.G. Partama and I W. Suberata 2019. Lignocellulolytic Bacteria, Probiotic Source of Amino Acids [In Indonesian]. 1st Edn., Swasta Nulus, Indonesia, ISBN 978-623-7559-24-5, Pages: 83.
Kubad, R.C., K. Singh, K. Saxena and K. Eriksson, 1997. Microorganism as alterntive source protein. Nutr. Rev., 55: 65-75.
Sok, M., D.R. Ouellet, J.L. Firkins, D. Pellerin and H. Lapierre, 2017. Amino acid composition of rumen bacteria and protozoa in cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 100: 5241-5249.
Westers, L., H. Westers and W.J. Quax, 2004. Bacillus subtilis as cell factory for pharmaceutical proteins: A biotechnological approach to optimize the host organism. Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 1654: 299-310.
Thasana, N., B. Prapagdee, N. Rangkadilok, R. Sallabhan, S.L. Aye, S. Ruchirawat and S. Loprasert, 2010. Bacillus subtilis SSE4 produces subtulene A, a new lipopeptide antibiotic possessing an unusual C15 unsaturated β-amino acid. FEBS Lett., 584: 3209-3214.
Horwitz, W. and G.W. Latimer, 2005. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 18th Edn., AOAC International, Washington, DC, United State, ISBN: 9780935584752, Pages: 26.
Lachenmeier, D.W., L. Plato, M. Suessmann, M.D. Carmine, B. Krueger, A. Kukuck and M. Kranz, 2015. Improved automatic steam distillation combined with oscillation-type densimetry for determining alcoholic strength in spirits and liqueurs. SpringerPlus, Vol. 4.
Bruce, A., 2016. Bacterial enumeration. https://silo.tips/download/bacterial-enumeration
Davis, K.E., S.J. Joseph and P.H. Janssen, 2005. Effects of growth medium, inoculum size and incubation time on culturability and isolation of soil bacteria. Applied Environ. Microbiol., 71: 826-834.
Rasi, R.P.M. and P.U. Mahalingam, 2014. Screening and characterization of lignin degrading bacteria from decayed sawdust. Int. J. Pure Applied Sci. Technol., 23: 43-52.
Pointing, S.B., 1999. Qualitative methods for the determination of lignocellulolytic enzyme production by tropical fungi. Fungal Diversity, 2: 17-33.
Lokhande, S. and A.S. Pethe, 2017. Isolation and screening of cellulolytic bacteria from soil and optimization of cellulase production. Int. J. Life Sci., 5: 277-282.
Shrestha, B.G., S. Ghimire, S. Bhattarai, S. Phuyal and B. Thapa, 2012. Isolation and screening of potential cellulolytic and Xylanolytic bacteria from soil sample for degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. J. Trop. Life Sci., 6: 165-169.
Talpur, A.D., A.J. Memon, M.I. Khan, M. Ikhwanuddin, M.M.D. Daniel and A.B. Abol-Munafi, 2012. Isolation and screening of lactic acid bacteria from the gut of blue swimming crab, P. pelagicus, an in vitro inhibition assay and small scale in vivo model for validation of isolates as probiotics. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 7: 1-28.
Minson, D.J. and M.N. McLeod, 1972. The in-vitro technique. Its modification for estimating digestibility of large numbers of tropical pasture sample. Division of Tropical Pasture Technical Paper No. 8, Common Welth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia.
Edwards, A., V. Mlambo, C.H.O. Lallo, G.W. Garcia and M.D. Diptee, 2012. In vitro ruminal fermentation of leaves from three tree forages in response to incremental levels of polyethylene glycol. Open J. Anim. Sci., 2: 142-149.
Weatherburn, M.W., 1967. Phenol-hypochlorite reaction for determination of ammonia. Anal. Chem., 39: 971-974.
Marino, R., M. Iammarino, A. Santillo, M. Muscarella, M. Caroprese and M. Albenzio, 2010. Technical note: Rapid method for determination of amino acids in milk. J. Dairy Sci., 93: 2367-2370.
Sastrosupadi, A., 2000. Rancangan Percobaan Praktis Bidang Pertanian. Penerbit Kanisius, Indonesia.
Mulder, W., C.V. der. Peet-Schwering, N.P. Hua and R. van Ree, 2016. Protein for Food, Feed and Biobased Applications: Biorefining of Protein Containing Biomass. IEA Bioenergy Task, Page: 72.
Matassa, S., N. Boon, I. Pikaar and W. Verstraete, 2016. Microbial protein: Future sustainable food supply route with low environmental footprint. Microb. Biotechnol. 9: 568-575.
Perez, J., J. Munoz-Dorado, T. de la Rubia and J. Martinez, 2002. Biodegradation and biological treatments of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin: An overview. Int. Microbiol., 5: 53-63.
Howard, R.L., E. Abotsi, E.L.J. van Rensburg and S. Howard, 2003. Lignocellulose biotechnology: Issues of bioconversion and enzyme production. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 2: 602-619.
Chandra, R., S. Yadav and V. Kumar, 2015. Microbial Degradation of Lignocellulosic Waste and Its Metabolic Products. In: Environmental Waste Management, Chandra, R., (Ed.), (Edn. 1st), CRC Press, United States, ISBN-13: 9780429083488 Pages: 602.
Bach, A., S. Calsamiglia and M.D. Stern, 2005. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. J. Dairy Sci., 88: E9-E21.
Nasseri, A.T., S. Rasoul-Amini, M.H. Morowvat and Y. Ghasemi, 2011. Single cell protein: Production and process. Am. J. Food Technol., 6: 103-116.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
