Evaluation of Olive and Palm Byproducts in Feeding Camels
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2013.879.885Keywords:
Camels, date stone, olive cake, palm leavesAbstract
Metabolism trials were carried out using four mature males of Sudanese camels; Camelius dromedaries to evaluate the nutritive value of date stone (DS) and olive cake (OC), palm leaves (PL) and barley grains (BG) or their mixture. Results indicated that barley grains showed significantly (p<0.05) higher digestibility and nutritive value in all nutrients except for EE and ADF compared with either olive cake or date stone. In addition, DS showed better digestibility in all nutrients compared with OC except for EE digestibility. The ration contained BG plus DS recorded the highest digestibility for DM, OM, CP, CF and NFE. While, the ration contained BG plus OC recorded higher digestibility for NDF and ADF. No significant differences were detected in dry matter intake expressed as DMI g/W0.75 by camels fed different either tested feeds or rations. The water intake increased with animals fed DS being 8.42 L compared with BG and OC being 7.58 and 6.92 L, respectively. Also, results showed that animals consumed the ration contained BG plus DS recorded the highest water intake being 8.33 L. Feeding on BG led up to significant (p<0.05) decrease in pH values compared with other feeds after 3 and 5 h. No significant differences in ammonia nitrogen concentration at 5 h post feeding with all feeds. The BG plus DS mixture gave the lowest concentration of rumen ammonia content at the three times. While, BG with PL mixture showed the highest value of rumen ammonia content at the three times. It could be concluded that date stone and olive cake used to feed camel as substitution of barley grains without any adverse effect.
References
AOAC, 2000. Official Methods of an Analysis. 16th Edn., Association of official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC., USA.
Abdel-Rahman, K.M., S.H. El-Khaschab and I.M. Ibrahim, 2003. Comparative study on some nutritional aspects of camels, bulls and small ruminants. Egypt. J. Nutr. Feeds, 6: 69-76.
Aldhaheri, A., G. Alhadrami, N. Aboalnaga, I. Wasfi and M. Elridi, 2004. Chemical composition of date pits and reproductive hormonal status of rats fed date pits. Food Chem., 86: 93-97.
Bampidis, V.A. and P.H. Robinson, 2006. Citrus by-products as ruminant feeds: A review. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 128: 175-217.
Bhattacharya, A.N., S. Al-Mutairi, A. Hashimi and S. Economides, 1988. Energy and protein utilization of Lucerne hay and barely grain by yearling camel calves. Anim. Prod., 47: 481-485.
Church, D.C., 1988. The Ruminant Animal Digestive Physiology and Nutrition. 2nd Edn., O and B Books, Inc., New York, USA.
Conway, E.J., 1957. Micro Diffusion Analysis and Volumetric Error. 4th Edn., Crosby Lockwood, London, UK.
Deraz, T.A., 1996. The production of microbial protein from some agricultural wastes and its utilization in ruminant. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University.
Duncan, D.B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42.
El-Banna, H.M., 1995. Effect of dietary energy, protein and their interaction on nutrient utilization by sheep, goats and camels. Camel Newslett., 11: 16-18.
El-Shazly, K., E.A. Ibrahim and H.A. Karam, 1963. Nutritional value of date seeds for sheep. J. Anim. Sci., 22: 894-897.
FAO, 2004. Fishery Statistics 2002. Capture Production, FAO, Rome, Italy.
Tortuero, F., J. Rioperez and M.L. Rodriguez, 1989. Nutritional value for rabbits of olive pulp and the effects on their visceral organs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 25: 79-87.
El-Sayed, G.A., T.T. El-Gallad, A.E.O. Sooud, H.M.A. El-Nasr and M.F.A. Farid, 1989. Feed and water intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilization by camels compared to sheep and goat fed low protein desert by-products. Options Mediterraneennes Ser. Seminaries, 2: 75-81.
Moussa, H.M., R.M. Barghash and A.A. Hassan, 2011. The current situation of the animal feed gap in Egypt. J. Basic Applied Sci. Res., 1: 713-720.
Kandil, H.M., H.M. El-Shaer, H.S. Khamis and A.M. Ahmed, 1991. Nutritional value of hyperarid forage species for sheep in upper Egypt. J. Agric. Mansoura Univ., 16: 518-518.
Khorshed, M.M., 2000. Different treatments for improving quality of some crop residues used in ruminant nutrition. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University.
Maloiy, G.M., 1972. Comparative studies on digestion and fermentation rate in the fore-stomach of the one-humped camel and the Zebu steer. Res. Vet. Sci., 13: 476-481.
Rashid, N.H. and A.H. Alwash, 1976. The effect of the proportion of date stones in the diet on its digestion and fermentation in the sheep rumen. Iraqi, J. Agric. Sci., 20: 51-56.
Sadeghi, H., A.T. Yansari and Z. Ansari-Pirsarai, 2009. Effects of different olive cake by products on dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and performance of Zel sheep. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 11: 39-43.
Safinza, S.M., 1999. Fattening of camel calves on saltbush (Atriplex halimus) with different energy sources. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 24: 1751-1764.
van Soest, P.J., J.B. Robertson and B.A. Lewis, 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 3583-3597.
Warner, A.C., 1964. Production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen: Methods of measurement. Nutr. Abstr. Rev., 34: 339-352.
Yacout, M.H.M. and A.Y. El-Badawi, 2001. Effect of protein level of fattening performance of camel calves. Egypt. J. Nutr. Feeds, 4: 545-556.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2013 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
