Hydration Status in Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2014.243.249Keywords:
Awareness, daily water intake, hydration, Nigeria, studentsAbstract
Most literatures on daily water intake are focused on developed countries and to our knowledge; there is limited information on the hydration status of Nigerians. Our objective was to describe daily water intake (DWI) among Nigerian students, develop a model for the prediction of students’ DWI and examine the association between DWI and four predictor variables. Data on DWI for 150 students aged 18-26 years were collected through a survey conducted at Kwara State University in February, 2013 together with information on their age, weight, gender and awareness of dieticians’ recommendation. Our results indicates that students’ DWI varies by gender with male students drinking more than their female counterparts; although, the awareness rate is higher in females than males. We found that nearly half of participants (44%) drank less than 2.7 L of water/day, 25% between 2.7 and 3.7 L/day and 31% reported drinking more than 3.7 L of water/day. Results also revealed that students’ DWI decline with age but increases with weight and one-in-two of the students are unaware of the dangers of poor hydration. Arguably, this study is the first description of DWI among Nigerian students and fills the gap in the literature by developing two models for the prediction of students’ DWI. In light of the significance of the knowledge and awareness of Dieticians’ recommendation on DWI (as evidence in this study) and the low awareness rate existing among the students; nutrition and health promotion program on the benefits of adequate DWI by schools and health organizations is extremely important. This has the potential of improving the health of students.
References
Andersson, B., 2008. Regulation of water intake. Physiol. Rev., Vol. 58.
Assael, B.M., M. Cipolli, I. Meneghelli, M. Passiu and S. Cordioli et al., 2012. Italian children go to school with a hydration deficit. J. Nutr. Disorders Ther., Vol. 2.
Bellisle, F., S.N. Thornton, P. Hebel, M. Denizeau and M. Tahiri, 2010. A study of fluid intake from beverages in a sample of healthy French children, adolescents and adults. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 64: 350-355.
Bossingham, M.J., N.S. Carnell and W.W. Campbell, 2005. Water balance, hydration status, and fat-free mass hydration in younger and older adults. The Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 81: 1342-1350.
Cheuvront, S.N., R. Carter III and M.N. Sawka, 2003. Fluid balance and endurance exercise performance. Curr. Sports Med. Rep., 2: 202-208.
D'Anci, K.E., F. Constant and I.H. Rosenberg, 2006. Hydration and cognitive function in children. Nutr. Rev., 64: 457-464.
De Castro, J.M., 1992. Age-related changes in natural spontaneous fluid ingestion and thirst in humans. J. Gerontol., 47: P321-P330.
Agostoni, C.V., J.L. Bresson, S. Fairweather-Tait, A. Flynn and I. Golly et al., 2010. Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for water. EFSA J., Vol. 8.
FRN, 2003. A bill for an act to provide and protect the right of the Nigerian child and other related matters. House of Representatives, Federal Republic of Nigeria, Nigeria, pp: 1-171.
FNB, CLS, NRC, 1989. Recommended Daily Allowances. 10th Edn., National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA., ISBN-13: 9780309040419, Pages: 302.
McCance, RA. and E.M. Widdowson, 2002. McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods. 6th Edn., Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK., ISBN-13: 9780854044283, Pages: 537.
Fulgoni, V.L. III, 2007. Limitations of data on fluid intake. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 26: 588S-591S.
Grandjean, A.C. and S.M. Campbell, 2004. Hydration: Fluids for Life. ILSI North America, Washington, DC., USA., Pages: 36.
Grandjean, A.C., 2005. Water requirements, impinging factors and recommended intakes. World Health Organization (WHO), Switzerland, Geneva, pp: 25-40.
Goodman, A.B., H.M. Blanck, B. Sherry, S. Park, L. Nebeling and A.L. Yaroch, 2013. Behaviors and attitudes associated with low drinking water intake among US adults, food attitudes and behaviors survey, 2007. Prev. Chronic Dis., Vol. 10.
Gopinathan, P.M., G. Pichan and V.M. Sharma, 1988. Role of dehydration in heat stress-induced variations in mental performance. Arch. Environ. Health, 43: 15-17.
Greenleaf, J. and H.M. Harrison, 1986. Water and Electrolytes. In: Nutrition and Aerobic Exercise, Layman, D.K. (Ed.). American Chemical Society, Washington, DC., USA., pp: 107-124.
Gujarati, M.D., 2004. Basic Econometrics. 4th Edn., Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New York, USA., ISBN-13: 9780070597938, Pages: 1002.
Hedrick, V.E., D.L. Comber, P.A. Estabrooks, J. Savla and B.M. Davy, 2010. The beverage intake questionnaire: Determining initial validity and reliability. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 110: 1227-1232.
Kant, A.K., B.I. Graubard and A.A. Elizabeth 2009. Intakes of plain water, moisture in foods and beverages and total water in the adult US population-nutritional, meal pattern and body weight correlates: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1999-2006. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 90: 655-663.
Kant, A.K. and B.I. Graubard, 2010. Contributors of water intake in US children and adolescents: Associations with dietary and meal characteristics: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 92: 887-896.
Kavouras, S.A. and C.A. Anastasiou, 2010. Water physiology: Essentiality, metabolism and health implications. Nutr. Today, 45: S27-S32.
Kenefick, R.W. and M.N. Sawka, 2007. Hydration at the work site. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 26: 597S-603S.
Kleiner, S.M., 1999. Water: An essential but overlooked nutrient. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 99: 200-206.
Kolasa, K.M., C.J. Lackey and A.C. Grandjean, 2009. Hydration and health promotion. Nutr. Today, 44: 190-201.
Lieberman, H.R., 2007. Hydration and cognition: A critical review and recommendations for future research. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 26: 555S-561S.
Manz, F., S.A. Johner, A. Wentz, H. Boeing and T. Remer, 2012. Water balance throughout the adult life span in a German population. Br. J. Nutr., 107: 1673-1681.
Noakes, T.D., 1993. Fluid replacement during exercise. Exercise Sport Sci. Rev., 21: 297-330.
Olufadi, Y., I.O. Oshungade and A.A. Adewara, 2012. On allocation procedures using systematic sampling. J. Interdisciplinary Math., 15: 23-40.
Park, S., B. Sherry, T. O'Toole and Y. Huang, 2011. Factors associated with low drinking water intake among adolescents: The Florida Youth Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey, 2007. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 111: 1211-1217.
Pintar, K., D. Waltner-Toews, D. Charron, F. Pollari and A. Fazil et al., 2009. Water consumption habits of a south-western Ontario community. J. Water Health, 7: 276-292.
Popkin, B.M., D.V. Barclay and S.J. Nielsen, 2005. Water and food consumption patterns of US adults from 1999 to 2001. Obes. Res., 13: 2146-2152.
Rogers, P.J., A. Kainth and H.J. Smit, 2001. A drink of water can improve or impair mental performance depending on small differences in thirst. Appetite, 36: 57-58.
Rozin, P. and B.M. Cines, 1982. Ethnic differences in coffee use and attitudes to coffee. Ecol. Food Nutr., 12: 79-88.
Sanchez-Villegas, A., E. Toledo, M. Bes-Rastrollo, J.M. Martin-Moreno, A. Tortosa and M.A. Martinez-Gonzalez, 2009. Association between dietary and beverage consumption patterns in the SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) cohort study. Public Health Nutr., 12: 351-358.
Sebastian, R.S., C.E. Wilkinson and J.D. Goldman, 2011. Drinking water intake in the US: What we eat in America, NHANES 2005-2008. Food Surveys Research Group, Dietary Data Brief No. 7, September, 2011.
Sohn, W., K.E. Heller and B.A. Burt, 2001. Fluid consumption related to climate among children in the United States. J. Public Health Dent., 61: 99-106.
Szinnai, G., H. Schachinger, M.J. Arnaud, L. Linder and U. Keller, 2005. Effect of water deprivation on cognitive-motor performance in healthy men and women. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 289: R275-R280.
Van Loan, M. and R. Boileu, 1996. Age, Gender and Fluid Balance. In: Body Fluid Balance: Exercise and Sport, Buskirk, E. and S. Puhl (Eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., USA., pp: 215-230.
Volkert, D., K. Kreuel and P. Stehle, 2004. Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany: A nationwide, representative study. J. Nutr. Health Aging, 9: 305-309.
Welch, B.E., E.R. Buskirk and P.F. Iampietro, 1958. Relation of climate and temperature to food and water intake in man. Metab.: Clin. Exp., 7: 141-148.
Zapata, L.B., C.A. Bryant, R.J. McDermott and J.A. Hefelfinger, 2008. Dietary and physical activity behaviors of middle school youth: The youth physical activity and nutrition survey. J. School Health, 78: 9-18.
Zizza, C.A., K.J. Ellison and C.M. Wernette, 2009. Total water intakes of community-living middle-old and oldest-old adults. J. Gerontol. A: Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 64: 481-486.
FNB/IM, 2004. Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride and Sulfate. National Academies Press, Washington, DC., USA., ISBN: 9780309091695, Pages: 640.
Ramsay, D.J., 1991. Thirst: Physiological and Psychological Aspects. Springer-Verlag, London, UK., ISBN-13: 9780387196411, Pages: 509.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2014 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
