Research Article
Open Access
Effect of Temperature on the Chemical Characteristics of Vegetable Oils Consumed in Ibadan, Nigeria
Abstract
The effect of changing temperature on various chemical characteristics of vegetable oils sold in Bodija Market, Oyo State, Nigeria was studied. The chemical characteristics were investigated within a temperature range of 25-300°C. The paper also investigated the rate of change of the various chemical parameters with increasing temperature, as suggested by the slope of linear graph of each cooking oil. The peroxide values (6.01-7.02 Meq/kg) were highest in palm kernel oil (PKO), followed by olive oil (OO) (5.20-6.10 Meq/kg) but were lowest in palm oil (PO) (1.80-2.31 Meq/kg). The iodine values were highest (60.0-70.0 g/100 g of sample) in sunflower oil (SFO), followed by soybean oil with values of 58.75-60.0 g/100 g of sample and were lowest (19.2-20.2 g/100 g of sample) in PO. Olive oil (OO) had the highest acid values from 6.01-7.40 mg KOH/g, followed by PKO (3.01-3.99) and the lowest values were recorded for soybean oil (2.80-3.81 mg KOH/g). For the free fatty acid, the highest values (2.49-3.50%) were observed for PO, followed by OO (2.61-3.05%) and the least values were found in SO. The rate of change in PV, as demonstrated by the positive slope ranged from 0.001 Meq/kg/°C in PO to 0.05 Meq/kg/°C in both SO and SFO. The highest rate of change in AV (0.007 mg KOH/g/°C) was obtained for PO, while the lowest value (0.003 mg KOH/g/°C) was recorded for SO, OO and SFO. The rate of change in the free fatty acid value with changing temperature was 0.003, 0.001, 0.002, 0.001 and 0.001%/°C for PO, SO, OO, PKO and SFO oil respectively. However, negative rates were recorded for the iodine values as evidenced by the reduction in the value of this characteristic with increasing temperature. The respective rates of change for PO, SO, OO, PKO and SFO were -0.003, -0.004, -0.013, -0.011 and -0.009 g/100 g of sample/°C. Although our research shows the change in the chemical characteristics with increase in temperature is low, the rate of change must be monitored because of the likely deterioration of the overall quality of the oil at elevated temperatures.
Keywords:
Olive oil, palm kernel oil, temperature, vegetable oilArticle Metrics
111
Abstract Views
166
File Views
0
Downloads
License
Copyright (c) 2015 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Article Citation Metrics
How to Cite
Dawodu, M. O., Olutona, G. O., & Obimakinde, S. O. (2015). Effect of Temperature on the Chemical Characteristics of Vegetable Oils Consumed in Ibadan, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 14(10), 698–707. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2015.698.707
References
1.
Abbaszaadeh, A., B. Ghobadian, M.R. Omidkhah and G. Najafi, 2012. Current biodiesel production technologies: A comparative review. Energy Convers. Manage., 63: 138-148.
2.
Aberoumand, A., 2010. Identification and quantification of some Iranian fishes oils properties. World J. Fish Mar. Sci., 2: 78-81.
3.
Abiodun, O.A., R. Akinoso, O.O. Olosunde, J.A. Adegbite and O.A. Omolola, 2014. Nutritional quality and essential oil compositions of Thaumatococcus danielli (Benn.) tissue and seed. Food Chem., 160: 286-291.
4.
Aboki, M.A., M. Mohammed, S.H. Musa, B.S. Zuru and H.M. Aliyu et al., 2012. Physicochemical and anti-microbial properties of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed oil. Int. J. Sci. Technol., 2: 151-154.
5.
Adubofuor, J., W. Sefah and J.H. Oldham, 2013. Nutrient composition of Allanblackia paviflora seed kernels and oil compared with some plant fats and oils and application of the oil in soap preparation. J. Cereals Oil Seeds, 4: 1-9.
6.
Ahmad, M.S., S. Ahmad, M. Arshad, K.B. Rai and M. Afzal, 2014. Terminalia catappa, an anticlastogenic agent against MMS induced genotoxicity in the human lymphocyte culture and in bone marrow cells of Albino mice. Egypt. J. Med. Hum. Genet., 15: 227-233.
7.
Al-Bachir, M., 2004. Effect of gamma irradiation on fungal load, chemical and sensory characteristics of walnuts (Juglans regia L.). J. Stored Prod. Res., 40: 355-362.
8.
Al-Bachir, M., 2015. Quality characteristics of oil extracted from gamma irradiated peanut (Arachis hypogea L.). Radiat. Phys. Chem., 106: 56-60.
9.
AOCS., 1997. AOCS official method Cd 8b-40, Peroxide value. Official Methods and Recommendation Practice of the American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS), Champaign, Illinois.
10.
AOCS., 1997. AOCS official method Ca 5a-40, Free fatty acids. Official Methods and Recommendation Practice of the American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS), Champaign, Illinois.
11.
AOCS., 1997. AOCS official method Cd 1-25, Iodine value. Official Methods and Recommendation Practice of the American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS), Champaign, Illinois.
12.
Atef, M.A., 2010. Physiological effects of some oils supplementation on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Res. J. Med. Sci., 5: 55-71.
13.
Atinafu, D.G. and B. Bedemo, 2011. Estimation of total free fatty acid and cholesterol content in some commercial edible oils in Ethiopia, Bahir DAR. J. Cereals Oilseeds, 2: 71-76.
14.
Barku, V.Y.A., H.D. Nyarko and P. Dordunu, 2012. Studies on the physicochemical characteristics, microbial load and storage stability of oil from Indian almond nut (Terminalia catappa L). Food Sci. Qual. Manage., 8: 9-17.
15.
Attarde, D., J. Pawar, B. Chaudhari and S. Pal, 2010. Estimation of sterols content in edible oil and ghee samples. Int. J. Pharmaceut. Sci. Rev. Res., 5: 135-137.
16.
Babalola, T.O.O. and D.F. Apata, 2011. Chemical and quality evaluation of some alternative lipid sources for aqua feed production. Agric. Biol. J. North Am., 2: 935-943.
17.
Balat, M., 2011. Potential alternatives to edible oils for biodiesel production-a review of current work. Energy Convers. Manage., 52: 1479-1492.
18.
Bhatti, I.A., M. Iqbal, F. Anwar, S.A. Shahid and M. Shahid, 2013. Quality characteristics and microbiological safety evaluation of oils extracted from gamma irradiated almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) seeds. Grasas Aceites, 64: 68-76.
19.
Bouaid, A., M. Martinez and J. Aracil, 2007. Long storage stability of biodiesel from vegetable and used frying oils. Fuel, 86: 2596-2602.
20.
Chen, L., T. Liu, W. Zhang, X. Chen and J. Wang, 2012. Biodiesel production from algae oil high in free fatty acids by two-step catalytic conversion. Bioresour. Technol., 111: 208-214.
21.
Codex Alimentairus Commission, 1993. Graisses et huiles vegetables. Division 11, version abridge FAO/WHO Codex Stan 20 -1981, 23 1981.
22.
Codex Alimentarius Commission: Codex Stan, 1999. Codex standard for edible fats and oils not covered by individual standards. Codex Stan, 19-1981, Rev., 2-1999. http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/y2774e/y2774e03.htm.
23.
Dehkordi, A.M. and M. Ghasemi, 2012. Transesterification of waste cooking oil to biodiesel using Ca and Zr mixed oxides as heterogeneous base catalysts. Fuel Process. Technol., 97: 45-51.
24.
de la Monte, S.M. and M. Tong, 2014. Brain metabolic dysfunction at the core of Alzheimer's disease. Biochem. Pharmacol., 88: 548-559.
25.
De Melo, M.M.R., A.J.D. Silvestre and C.M. Silva, 2014. Supercritical fluid extraction of vegetable matrices: Applications, trends and future perspectives of a convincing green technology. J. Supercrit. Fluids, 92: 115-176.
26.
Dunn, R.O., 2005. Effect of antioxidants on the oxidative stability of methyl soyate (biodiesel). Fuel Process. Technol., 86: 1071-1085.
27.
Ekwunife, O.I. and C.N. Aguwa, 2011. A meta analysis of prevalence rate of hypertension in Nigerian populations. J. Public Health Epidemiol., 3: 604-607.
28.
Farooq, M., A. Ramli, S. Gul and N. Muhammad, 2011. The study of wear behaviour of 12-hydroxystearic acid in vegetable oils. J. Applied Sci., 11: 1381-1385.
29.
Fazal, M.A., A.S.M.A. Haseeb and H.H. Masjuki, 2013. Investigation of friction and wear characteristics of palm biodiesel. Energy Convers. Manage., 67: 251-256.
30.
Fernandes, D.M., D.S. Serqueira, F.M. Portela, R.M.N. Assuncao, R.A.A. Munoz and M.G.H. Terrones, 2012. Preparation and characterization of methylic and ethylic biodiesel from cottonseed oil and effect of tert-butylhydroquinone on its oxidative stability. Fuel, 97: 658-661.
31.
Fontagne, S., D. Bazin, J. Breque, C. Vachot, C. Bernarde, T. Rouault and P. Bergot, 2006. Effects of dietary oxidized lipid and vitamin A on the early development and antioxidant status of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri) larvae. Aquaculture, 257: 400-411.
32.
Fontanel, D., 2013. Total Content of Unsaponifiable Matter and Content of Corresponding Chemical Families in Various Plant Seed Oils: Species R to Z. in Unsaponifiable Matter in Plant Seed Oils. Springer, New York, USA.
33.
Helwani, Z., N. Aziz, M.Z.A. Bakar, H. Mukhtar, J. Kim and M.R. Othman, 2013. Conversion of Jatropha curcas oil into biodiesel using re-crystallized hydrotalcite. Energy Convers. Manage., 73: 128-134.
34.
Iha, O.K., F.C.S.C. Alves, P.A.Z. Suarez, C.R.P. Silva, M.R. Meneghetti and S.M.P. Meneghetti, 2014. Potential application of Terminalia catappa L. and Carapa guianensis oils for biofuel production: Physical-chemical properties of neat vegetable oils, their methyl-esters and bio-oils (hydrocarbons). Ind. Crops Prod., 52: 95-98.
35.
Jabeur, H., A. Zribi, R. Abdelhedi and M. Bouaziz, 2015. Effect of olive storage conditions on chemlali olive oil quality and the effective role of fatty acids alkyl esters in checking olive oils authenticity. Food Chem., 169: 289-296.
36.
Jacome-Sosa, M.M. and E.J. Parks, 2014. Fatty acid sources and their fluxes as they contribute to plasma triglyceride concentrations and fatty liver in humans. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 25: 213-220.
37.
Kamalam, B.S., F. Medale, L. Larroquet, G. Corraze and S. Panserat, 2013. Metabolism and fatty acid profile in fat and lean rainbow trout lines fed with vegetable oil: Effect of carbohydrates. PloS One, Vol. 8.
38.
Kiralan, M., G. Ozkan, A. Bayrak and M.F. Ramadan, 2014. Physicochemical properties and stability of black cumin (Nigella sativa) seed oil as affected by different extraction methods. Ind. Crops Prod., 57: 52-58.
39.
Lian, J., M. Garcia-Perez, R. Coates, H. Wu and S. Chen, 2012. Yeast fermentation of carboxylic acids obtained from pyrolytic aqueous phases for lipid production. Bioresour. Technol., 118: 177-186.
40.
Liland, N.S., G. Rosenlund, M.H.G. Berntssen, T. Brattelid, L. Madsen and B.E. Torstensen, 2013. Net production of Atlantic salmon (FIFO, Fish in Fish out < 1) with dietary plant proteins and vegetable oils. Aquacult. Nutr., 19: 289-300.
41.
Liu, L., Z. Liu, G. Tang and W. Tan, 2014. Esterification of free fatty acids in waste cooking oil by heterogeneous catalysts. Trans. Tianjin Univ., 20: 266-272.
42.
Kheang, L.S., C.Y. May, C.S. Foon and M.A. Ngan, 2006. Recovery and conversion of palm olein-derived used frying oil to methyl esters for biodiesel. J. Oil Palm Res., 18: 247-252.
43.
Leung, D.Y.C., X. Wu and M.K.H. Leung, 2010. A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification. Applied Energy, 87: 1083-1095.
44.
Matsumori, R., T. Miyazaki, K. Shimada, A. Kume and Y. Kitamura et al., 2013. High levels of very long-chain saturated fatty acid in erythrocytes correlates with atherogenic lipoprotein profiles in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 99: 12-18.
45.
More, A.S., L. Maisonneuve, T. Lebarbe, B. Gadenne, C. Alfos and H. Cramail, 2013. Vegetable-based building-blocks for the synthesis of thermoplastic renewable polyurethanes and polyesters. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 115: 61-75.
46.
Murray, D.S., H. Hager, D.R. Tocher and M.J. Kainz, 2014. Effect of partial replacement of dietary fish meal and oil by pumpkin kernel cake and rapeseed oil on fatty acid composition and metabolism in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Aquaculture, 431: 85-91.
47.
No, S.Y., 2011. Inedible vegetable oils and their derivatives for alternative diesel fuels in CI engines: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 15: 131-149.
48.
Wannahari, R. and M.F.M. Nordin, 2012. Reduction of peroxide value in used palm cooking oil using bagasse adsorbent. Am. Int. J. Contemp. Res., 2: 185-191.
49.
Okogeri, O. and B. Okoro, 2014. Storage stability and sensory attributes of crude palm oil adulterated with red dye. Eur. J. Agric. For. Res., 2: 10-17.
50.
Olorunfemi, M.F., A.O. Oyebanji, T.M. Awoite, A.A. Agboola and M.O. Oyelakin et al., 2014. Quality assessment of palm oil on sale in major markets of Ibadan, Nigeria. Int. J. Food Res., 1: 8-15.
51.
Onyeike, E.N. and G.N. Acheru, 2002. Chemical composition of selected Nigerian oil seeds and physicochemical properties of the oil extracts. Food Chem., 77: 431-437.
52.
Palaskar, D.V., A. Boyer, E. Cloutet, J.F. Le Meins and B. Gadenne et al., 2012. Original diols from sunflower and ricin oils: Synthesis, characterization and use as polyurethane building blocks. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem., 50: 1766-1782.
53.
Pan, X. and D.C. Webster, 2012. New biobased high functionality polyols and their use in polyurethane coatings. ChemSusChem, 5: 419-429.
54.
Ramadan, M.F., 2013. Healthy blends of high linoleic sunflower oil with selected cold pressed oils: Functionality, stability and antioxidative characteristics. Ind. Crops Prod., 43: 65-72.
55.
Rice, A.L. and J.B. Burns, 2010. Moving from efficacy to effectiveness: Red palm oil's role in preventing vitamin A deficiency. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 29: 302S-313S.
56.
Sanli, H., M. Canakci and E. Alptekin, 2014. Predicting the higher heating values of waste frying oils as potential biodiesel feedstock. Fuel, 115: 850-854.
57.
Santos, C.S.P., R. Cruz, S.C. Cunha and S. Casal, 2013. Effect of cooking on olive oil quality attributes. Food Res. Int., 54: 2016-2024.
58.
Seppanen, C.M. and A.S. Csallany, 2006. The effect of intermittent and continuous heating of soybean oil at frying temperature on the formation of 4-hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal and other α-, β-unsaturated hydroxyaldehydes. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 83: 121-127.
59.
Naz, S., H. Sheikh, R. Siddiqi and S.A. Sayeed, 2004. Oxidative stability of olive, corn and soybean oil under different conditions. Food Chem., 88: 253-259.
60.
Swaminathan, A. and G.A. Jicha, 2014. Nutrition and prevention of Alzheimer's dementia. Front. Aging Neurosci., Vol. 6.
61.
Talebian-Kiakalaieh, A., N.A.S. Amin, A. Zarei and I. Noshadi, 2013. Transesterification of waste cooking oil by Heteropoly Acid (HPA) catalyst: Optimization and kinetic model. Applied Energy, 102: 283-292.
62.
Molla, T.H., M.T. Alam and M.A.U. Islam, 2007. Physico-chemical and nutritional studies of Terminalia belerica Roxb. seed oil and seed kernel. J. Bio-Sci., 15: 117-126.
63.
Taufiq-Yap, Y.H., S.H. Teo, U. Rashid, A. Islam, M.Z. Hussien and K.T. Lee, 2014. Transesterification of Jatropha curcas crude oil to biodiesel on calcium lanthanum mixed oxide catalyst: Effect of stoichiometric composition. Energy Convers. Manage., 88: 1290-1296.
64.
Turan, S. and A. Yalcuk, 2013. Regeneration of used frying oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 90: 1761-1771.
65.
Ulu, H., 2004. Evaluation of three 2-thiobarbituric acid methods for the measurement of lipid oxidation in various meats and meat products. Meat Sci., 67: 683-687.
66.
Vaclavik, L., B. Belkova, Z. Reblova, K. Riddellova and J. Hajslova, 2013. Rapid monitoring of heat-accelerated reactions in vegetable oils using direct analysis in real time ionization coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. Food Chem., 138: 2312-2320.
67.
Vankar, P.S. and R.S. Sahu, 2011. Regeneration of used soybean frying oils with Rampad adsorbent. Electron. J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem., 10: 2065-2074.
68.
Vyas, A.P., J.L. Verma and N. Subrahmanyam, 2010. A review on FAME production processes. Fuel, 89: 1-9.
69.
Wilfred, S., J. Adubofuor and J.H. Oldham, 2010. Optimum conditions for expression of oil from Allanblackia floribunda seeds and assessing the quality and stability of pressed and solvent extracted oil. Afr. J. Food Sci., 4: 563-570.
70.
Wolfrum, M., C.A. Rust, T. Rosemann, R. Lepers and B. Knechtle, 2014. The effect of course length on individual medley swimming performance in national and international athletes. J. Hum. Kinetics, 42: 187-200.
71.
Yusuf, K.A., A.M. Olaniyan, E.O. Atanda and I.A. Sulieman, 2014. Effects of heating temperature and seed condition on the yield and quality of mechanically expressed groundnut oil. Applied Sci. Rep., 7: 76-82.
72.
Zhang, J., Q. Cao, S. Li, X. Lu and Y. Zhao et al., 2013. 3-Hydroxybutyrate methyl ester as a potential drug against Alzheimer's disease via mitochondria protection mechanism. Biomaterials, 34: 7552-7562.
