Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases among Saudi Arabian Adolescents
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2016.883.888Keywords:
CVD, KSA, northern border region, risk factors, T2DMAbstract
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of risk factors for Type2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases among Saudi Arabian adolescents of Arar region. A descriptive epidemiological cross sectional study was conducted with 200 participants (aged 14-19 years) randomly selected from secondary and high schools in the northern border region, KSA. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC) and triacylglycerols (TG) serum levels along with glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc) for early screening of risk factors for T2DM and CVDs in the school setting. FBG, HbAlc and TG mean levels were significantly higher in female subgroup when compared to those of male subgroup. Our results revealed that 68 (34%) of our participants were over weighed, 56 (28%) were class I obese, 40 (20%) were class II obese and 14 (7%) were class III obese. There was a significant positive correlation between BMI and HbAlc (r = 0.33, p<0.001). In addition, there was a borderline significance regarding correlation between abdominal obesity and blood pressure (r = 0.2, p = 0.05). Significant correlation of family history of diabetes with higher body mass index measurements and total serum cholesterol levels was observed. Advanced degree of obesity (class II and III) showed statistically significant higher levels of both blood glucose and HbAlc levels when compared to other subgroups (p = 0.021 and 0.29, respectively). Obesity was associated with an adverse biomarker profile for CVD and type 2 diabetes. Intense and stringent preventive measures directed towards reducing the risk factors, particularly obesity, can result in reasonable reduction of disease prevalence.
References
Abolfotouh, M.A., S.A. Sallam, M.S. Mohammed, A. Loutfy and A.A. Hasab, 2011. Prevalence of elevated blood pressure and association with obesity in Egyptian school adolescents. Int. J. Hypertens.
Albow, B.M., S.M. Eltaherm, G.A. Alruwail and A.K. Alenezy, 2013. Screening and diagnosis chronic disease by dry chemistry in Arar city, Northern Borders Region, Saudi Arabia. Life Sci. J., 10: 3237-3241.
Al-Alwan, I., M. Badri, M. Al-Ghamdi, A. Aljarbou, H. Alotaibi and H. Tamim, 2013. Prevalence of self-reported cardiovascular risk factors among saudi physicians: A comparative study. Int. J. Health Sci., 7: 3-13.
Al-Daghri, N.M., 2010. Extremely high prevalence of metabolic syndrome manifestations among Arab youth: A call for early intervention. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 40: 1063-1066.
Al-Nuaim, A.R., 1997. Population-based epidemiological study of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Saudi Arabia, regional variation. Ann. Saudi Med., 17: 195-199.
Al-Quaiz, A.J., 2001. Current concepts in the management of obesity. An evidence based review. Saudi Med. J., 22: 205-210.
Bahathiq, S. and A. Omar, 2010. Relationship of leptin hormones with body mass index and waist circumference in Saudi female population of the Makkah community. Open Obesity J., 2: 95-100.
Bennett, C.M., M. Guo and S.C. Dharmage, 2007. HbA1c as a screening tool for detection of Type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. Diabetic Med., 24: 333-343.
Berry, D., A. Urban and M. Grey, 2006. Understanding the development and prevention of type 2 diabetes in youth (part 1). J. Pediatr. Health Care, 20: 3-10.
El-Hazmi, M.A. and A.S. Warsy, 2002. The prevalence of obesity and overweight in 1-18-year-old Saudi children. Ann. Saudi Med., 22: 303-307.
Ekoe, J.M. and P. Zimmet, 2002. Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnosis and Classification. In: The Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus: An International Perspective, Ekoe, J.M., P. Zimmet and R. Williams (Eds.). John Wiley and Sons Ltd., New York, pp: 11-29.
Mendis, S., P. Puska and B. Norrving, 2001. Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Opie, L.H., 2007. Metabolic syndrome. Circulation, 115: e32-e35.
Martorell, R., L.K. Khan, M.L. Hughes and L.M. Grummer-Strawn, 2000. Overweight and obesity in preschool children from developing countries. Int. J. Obes., 24: 959-967.
NOO., 2013. Measuring diet and physical activity in weight management interventions. National Obesity Observatory.
Power, C., S.M.P. Pereira, C. Law and M. Ki, 2014. Obesity and risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes: Investigating the role of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in mid-life in the 1958 British cohort. Atherosclerosis, 233: 363-369.
Prentice, A.M., 2006. The emerging epidemic of obesity in developing countries. Int. J. Epidemiol., 35: 93-99.
Rewers, M. and R.F. Hamman, 1995. Risk Factors for Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes. In: Diabetes in America. Harris, M.I., C.C. Cowie, M.P. Stern, E.J. Boyko, G.E. Reiber and P.H. Bennett, (Eds.). 2nd Edn., National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC., London, Pp :179-220.
Satman, I., T. Yilmaz, A. Sengul, S. Salman and F. Salman et al., 2002. Population-based study of diabetes and risk characteristics in Turkey: Results of the Turkish diabetes epidemiology study (TURDEP). Diabetes Care, 25: 1551-1556.
Whitlock, G., S. Lewington, P. Sherliker, R. Clarke and J. Emberson et al., 2009. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: Collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet, 373: 1083-1096.
WHO, 2011. Use of Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Report of a WHO Consultation. http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/report-hba1c_2011.pdf.
WHO., 2000. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic (Technical Report Series No. 894). World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, ISBN-13: 9789241208949, Pages: 253.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2016 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
