Effects of Bacterial Inoculants and Enzymes on the Fermentation, Aerobic Stability and in vitro Organic Matter Digestibility Characteristics of Sunflower Silages
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2017.22.27Keywords:
Aerobic stability, enzyme, fermentation, lactic acid bacterial inoculants, silage, sunflowerAbstract
Objective: This study was carried out to determine the effects of lactic acid bacteria inoculant, enzymes and lactic acid bacteria inoculant+enzymes mixture on the fermentation, cell wall content, aerobic stability and in vitro organic matter digestibility characteristics of sunflower silages. Methodology: Sunflower was harvested at the milk stage of maturity. The treatments were as follows: (1) Control (no additive), (2) Inoculation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB, 2 g t–1, a mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium applied at a rate of 6.00 log10 CFU LAB g–1 of fresh material) (3) Enzyme (E, 150000 CMCU kg–1 for cellulase and 200000 SKB kg–1 for amylase) and (4) LAB+enzyme mixture (LAB+E, 2 g t–1 a mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum bacterium (6.00 log10 CFU g–1) and 150000 CMCU kg–1 for cellulase and 200000 SKB kg–1 for amylase). After treatment, the chopped sunflower was ensiled in 1.0-l special anaerobic jars, equipped with a lid enabling gas release only. The jars were stored at 25±2°C under laboratory conditions. Three jars from each group were sampled for chemical and microbiological analysis for 2, 4, 8 and 60 days after ensiling. At the end of the ensiling period all silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test for 5 days. Results: In addition, in vitro organic matter digestibilities of these silages were determined. Both inoculants (LAB and LAB+E) increased characteristics of fermentation but impaired aerobic stability of sunflower silages. Lactic acid bacteria+enzymes mixture inoculants decreased neutral and acid detergent fiber content and than control silages. Conclusion: In vitro organic matter digestibility was numerically increased for treated than control silages.
References
Filya, I., 2000. Silaj kalitesinin arttirilmasinda yeni gelismeler. Proceedings of the International Animal Nutrition Congress, September 4-6, 2000, Isparta, Turkey, pp: 243-250.
McDonald, P., A.R. Henderson and S.J.E. Heron, 1991. The Biochemistry of Silage. 2nd Edn., Chalcombe Publications, Marlow, Bucks, UK., ISBN-13: 9780948617225, Pages: 340.
Sucu, E. and I. Filya, 2006. Effects of homofermentative lactic acid bacterial inoculants on the fermentation and aerobic stability characteristics of low dry matter corn silages. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 30: 83-88.
Sheperd, A.C., M. Maslanka, D. Quinn and L. Kung, Jr., 1995. Additives containing bacteria and enzymes for alfalfa silage. J. Dairy Sci., 78: 565-572.
Aksu, T., E. Baytok and D. Bolat, 2004. Effects of a bacterial silage inoculant on corn silage fermentation and nutrient digestibility. Small Rumin. Res., 55: 249-252.
Stokes, M.R. and J. Chen, 1994. Effects of an enzyme-inoculant mixture on the course of fermentation of corn silage. J. Dairy Sci., 77: 3401-3409.
Kung, L. Jr., R.S. Tung, K.G. Maciorowski, K. Buffum, K. Knutsen and W.R. Aimutis, 1991. Effects of plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes and lactic acid bacteria on silage fermentation and composition. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 4284-4296.
Chen, J., M.R. Stokes and C.R. Wallace, 1994. Effects of enzyme-inoculant systems on preservation and nutritive value of haycrop and corn silages. J. Dairy Sci., 77: 501-512.
Nadeau, E.M.G., D.R. Buxton, J.R. Russell, M.J. Allison and J.W. Young, 2000. Enzyme, bacterial inoculant and formic acid effects on silage composition of orchardgrass and alfalfa. J. Dairy Sci., 83: 1487-1502.
Demirel, M., D. Bolat, S. Celik, Y. Bakici and S. Celik, 2006. Quality of silages from sunflower harvested at different vegetational stages. J. Applied Anim. Res., 30: 161-165.
Ashbell, G., Z.G. Weinberg, A. Azrieli, Y. Hen and B. Horev, 1991. A simple system to study the aerobic deterioration of silages. Can. Agric. Eng., 34: 171-175.
Anonymus, 1986. The Analysis of Agricultural Materials: A Manual of the Analytical Methods Used by the Agricultural Development and Advisory Service. 3rd Edn., H.M. Stationery Office, London, ISBN: 9780112427629, pp: 427-428.
Koc, F. and L. Coskuntuna, 2003. Silo yemlerinde organik asit belirlemede iki farkli metodun karsilastırılmasi. J. Anim. Prod., 44: 37-47.
Seale, D.R., G. Pahlow, S.F. Spoelstra, S. Lindgren, F. Dellaglio and J.F. Lowe, 1990. Methods for the microbiological analysis of silage. Proceedings of the EUROBAC Conference, August 12-16, 1986, Uppsala, Sweden, pp: 147-164.
AOAC., 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th Edn., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC., USA., Pages: 684.
Goering, H.K. and P.J. van Soest, 1970. Forage Fiber Analyses (Apparatus, Reagents, Procedures, and Some Applications). Agricultural Handbook, No. 379, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC Pages: 20.
Aufrere, J. and B. Michalet-Doreau, 1988. Comparison of methods for predicting digestibility of feeds. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 20: 203-218.
MINITAB., 2000. Minitab incorporation. Minitab for Windows, Release 13 for Windows, User's Guide 2-Data Analysis and Quality Tools, Minitab Inc., USA.
Kung, L. and R. Shaver, 2001. Interpretation and use of silage fermentation analysis reports. Focus Forage, 3: 1-5.
Xing, L., L.J. Chen and L.J. Han, 2009. The effect of an inoculant and enzymes on fermentation and nutritive value of sorghum straw silages. Bioresour. Technol., 100: 488-491.
Jaakkola, S., 1990. The effect of cell wall degrading enzymes on the preservation of grass and on the silage intake and digestibility in sheep. J. Agric. Sci. Finland, 62: 51-62.
Weinberg, Z.G., G. Ashbell, Y. Hen and A. Azrieli, 1995. The effect of cellulase and hemicellulase plus pectinase on the aerobic stability and fibre analysis of peas and wheat silages. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 55: 287-293.
Ozduven, M.L., F. Koc, C. Polat and L. Coskuntuna, 2009. The effects of lactic acid bacteria and enzyme mixture inoculants on fermentation and nutrient digestibility of sunflower silage. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg, 15: 195-199.
Filya, I., 2002. The effects of lactic acid bacteria and lactic acid bacteria+enzyme mixture silage inoculants on maize silage. Turkish J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 26: 679-687.
Polat, C., F. Koc and M.L. Ozduven, 2005. The effects of lactic acid bacteria and lactic acid bacteria+enzyme mixture silage inoculants on maize silage fermentation and nutrient digestibility in lambs. J. Tekirdag Agric. Fac., 2: 13-22.
Meeske, R., H.M. Basson and C.W. Cruywagen, 1999. The effect of a lactic acid bacterial inoculant with enzymes on the fermentation dynamics, intake and digestibility of Digitaria eriantha silage. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 81: 237-248.
Weinberg, Z.G., G. Szakacs, G. Ashbell and Y. Hen, 2001. The effect of temperature on the ensiling process of corn and wheat. J. Applied Microbiol., 90: 561-566.
Hristov, A.N. and T.A. McAllister, 2002. Effect of inoculants on whole-crop barley silage fermentation and dry matter disappearance in situ. J. Anim. Sci., 80: 510-516.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
