Preliminary Study: Sugar-sweetened Beverages (SSBs) Consumption Correlated with Body Mass Index (BMI)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2017.33.37Keywords:
Body mass index, cold drinks, obesity, SSBsAbstract
Background and Objective: Over the past several decades, an increase in the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has coincided with rising rates of obesity. This study was conducted to evaluate the association between SSBs consumption and Body Mass Index (BMI) among female university students. Materials and Methods: An online structured survey form was used to collect the data on SSBs consumption and BMI in Saudi Arabia. Results: One way ANOVA found significant differences in mean BMI across various consumption frequencies of SSBs (p<0.001). An increased risk of being obese (high BMI: 30 or more) was associated with increased total consumption and consumption frequency of SSBs (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study found that mean BMI was positively associated with SSBs consumption. These significant results indicate that consumption of SSBs increases the risk of obesity.
References
Leinwand, N., 2011. Beverages. How much sugar in soda and beverages? http://www.sugarstacks.com/beverages.htm.
Barness, L.A., J.M. Opitz and E. Gilbert-Barness, 2007. Obesity: Genetic, molecular and environmental aspects. Am. J. Med. Genet. A, 143A: 3016-3034.
Mokdad, A.H., J.S. Marks, D.F. Stroup and J.L. Gerberding, 2004. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 291: 1238-1245.
Allison, D.B., K.R. Fontaine, J.E. Manson, J. Stevens and T.B. VanItallie, 1999. Annual deaths attributable to obesity in the United States. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 282: 1530-1538.
WHO., 2009. Obesity and overweight. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/index.html.
Fareed, S., 2014. Saudi Arabia is largest soft drinks consumer in the Middle East. Saudi Gazette. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/economy/2014/12/28/Saudi-Arabia-is-largest-soft-drinks-consumer-in-the-Middle-East.html.
Bello, L.L. and N. Al-Hammad, 2006. Pattern of fluid consumption in a sample of Saudi Arabian adolescents aged 12-13 years. Int. J. Paediatr. Dent., 16: 168-173.
Lauren, S., 2007. World's fattest countries. Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2007/02/07/worlds-fattest-countries-forbeslife-cx_ls_0208worldfat.html.
WHO., 2015. Country statistics and global health estimates by WHO and UN partners. The Global Health Observatory. http://www.who.int/gho/en/.
Vasanti, S.M., B.S. Matthias and B.H. Frank, 2006. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: A systematic review. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 84: 274-288.
Grandjean, A.C., 2005. Water requirements, impinging factors and recommended intakes. World Health Organization (WHO), Switzerland, Geneva, pp: 25-40.
Patel, A.I. and K.E. Hampton, 2011. Encouraging consumption of water in school and child care settings: Access, challenges and strategies for improvement. Am. J. Public Health, 101: 1370-1379.
Faith, M.S., B.A. Dennison, L.S. Edmunds and H.H. Stratton, 2006. Fruit juice intake predicts increased adiposity gain in children from low-income families: weight status-by-environment interaction. Pediatrics, 118: 2066-2075.
Ebbeling, C.B., H.A. Feldman, S.K. Osganian, V.R. Chomitz, S.J. Ellenbogen and D.S. Ludwig, 2006. Effects of decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption on body weight in adolescents: A randomized, controlled pilot study. Pediatrics, 117: 673-680.
Wang, Y.C., D.S. Ludwig, K. Sonneville and S.L. Gortmaker, 2009. Impact of change in sweetened caloric beverage consumption on energy intake among children and adolescents. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med., 163: 336-343.
Kotz, D., 2013. How much milk do we really need? Boston Globe. https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/health-wellness/2013/07/01/how-much-milk-really-need/sqBkZla6kCHpKP1UwNnYcL/story.html.
Quann, E.E. and D. Adams, 2013. Impact on milk consumption and nutrient intakes from eliminating flavored milk in elementary schools. Nutr. Today, 48: 127-134.
Mrdjenovic, G. and D.A. Levitsky, 2003. Nutritional and energetic consequences of sweetened drink consumption in 6- to 13-year-old children. J. Pediatr., 142: 604-610.
Schulze, M.B., J.E. Manson, D.S. Ludwig, G.A. Colditz, M.J. Stampfer, W.C. Willett and F.B. Hu, 2004. Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 292: 927-934.
DiMeglio, D. and R. Mattes, 2000. Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: Effects on food intake and body weight. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 24: 794-800.
Tordoff, M.G. and A.M. Alleva, 1990. Effect of drinking soda sweetened with aspartame or high-fructose corn syrup on food intake and body weight. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 51: 963-969.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
