Waist Circumference for Central Obesity Detection from the Pre-Elderly Stage to the Elderly Stage in Indonesia: A Longitudinal Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2019.379.386Keywords:
Elderly, fiber consumption, number of chronic diseases, physical activity, pre-elderly, waist circumference, weightAbstract
Background and Objective: Waist circumference is an alternative to determine nutritional status (central obesity) and is an early detector of chronic diseases. This study was conducted to determine whether changes in waist circumference could detect central obesity from the pre-elderly stage to the elderly stage in individuals in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: The study followed a longitudinal design using secondary data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey from 2007 and 2014. The population of this study was comprised pre-elderly (53-59 years old) individuals who were observed until they reached their elderly years (60-66 years old). The eligible sample comprised 1324 respondents. Results: There was an increase in central obesity prevalence from 42.1% (pre-elderly) to 47.2% (elderly). The prevalence of obesity was 50.4% (pre-elderly-women) to 68.8% (elderly-women); the prevalence of obesity was 33.2% (pre-elderly-men) to 23.9% (elderly-men). Over 7 years, there was an increase of 2.42 cm in the mean waist circumference (men = 1.33 cm, women = 3.43 cm). Changes in body weight, fiber consumption, number of chronic diseases and physical activity were associated with changes in waist circumference (p<0.05; R2 = 0.64). Conclusion: Changes in waist circumference (central obesity) in the elderly are caused by changes in weight, fiber consumption, number of chronic diseases and physical activity beginning at the pre-elderly stage. Normal weight, high fiber consumption, absence of chronic diseases and physical activity for more than 30 min a day should be maintained beginning in the pre-elderly stage to ensure a normal waist circumference in the elderly stage.
References
Liu, P.J., F. Ma, H.P. Lou and Y.N. Zhu, 2017. Comparison of the ability to identify cardiometabolic risk factors between two new body indices and waist-to-height ratio among Chinese adults with normal BMI and waist circumference. Public Health Nutr., 20: 984-991.
Fu, S., L. Luo, P. Ye, Y. Liu, B. Zhu, Y. Bai and J. Bai, 2014. The abilities of new anthropometric indices in identifying cardiometabolic abnormalities and influence of residence area and lifestyle on these anthropometric indices in a Chinese community-dwelling population. Clin. Interv. Aging, 9: 179-189.
Babiarczyk, B. and A. Turbiarz, 2012. Body mass index in elderly people-do the reference ranges matter? Progress Health Sci., 2: 58-67.
Assantachai, P., 2012. Anthropometric Aspects and Common Health Problems in Older Adults. In: Handbook of Anthropometry: Physical Measures of Human Form in Health and Disease, Preedy, V.R. (Ed.). Springer, New York, ISBN: 978-1-4419-1787-4, pp: 1415-1434.
Xu, X., J. Byles, Z. Shi, P. McElduff and J. Hall, 2016. Dietary pattern transitions and the associations with BMI, waist circumference, weight and hypertension in a 7-year follow-up among the older Chinese population: A longitudinal study. BMC Public Health, Vol. 16, No. 1.
Hankey, C. and K. Whelan, 2017. Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics in Obesity. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York.
Browning, L.M., S.D. Hsieh and M. Ashwell, 2010. A systematic review of waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for the prediction of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: 0•5 could be a suitable global boundary value. Nutr. Res. Rev., 23: 247-269.
Voruganti, V.S. and A.G. Commuzzi, 2012. Value of Waist Circumference in Metabolic Diseases. In: Handbook of Anthropometry: Physical Measures of Human Form in Health and Disease, Preedy, V.R. (Ed.). Springer, New York, ISBN: 978-1-4419-1787-4, pp: 1947-1958.
Klein, S., D.B. Allison, S.B. Heymsfield, D.E. Kelley and R.L. Leibel, 2007. Waist circumference and cardiometabolic risk: A consensus statement from Shaping America's Health: Association for Weight Management and Obesity Prevention; NAASO, The Obesity Society; the American Society for Nutrition; and the American Diabetes Association. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 85: 1197-1202.
Yang, H., Z. Xin, J.P. Feng and J.K. Yang, 2017. Waist-to-height ratio is better than body mass index and waist circumference as a screening criterion for metabolic syndrome in Han Chinese adults. Medicine, Vol. 96, No. 39.
Matoba, Y., T. Inoguchi, A. Ogo and R. Takayanagi, 2012. Waist Circumference for the Clinical Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome in the Japanese Populations: Optimal Cut-Point to Predict Early Arteriosclerosis. In: Handbook of Anthropometry: Physical Measures of Human Form in Health and Disease, Preedy, V.R. (Ed.). Springer, New York, ISBN: 978-1-4419-1787-4, pp: 1959-1971.
IDF., 2005. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. Obes. Metab., 2: 47-49.
Escoz-Roldan, A., J. Gutierrez-Perez and P. Meira-Cartea, 2017. Education on climate risks and their implications for health. Procedia-Social Behav. Sci., 237: 599-605.
WHO., 2017. Obesity and overweight. Fact Sheet, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Ministry of Health, 2013. Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Older People: A Background Paper. Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand, ISBN: 978-0-478-39396-5.
Sheats, J.L., S.J. Winte and A.C. King, 2015. Nutrition Interventions for Aging Populations. In: Handbook of Clinical Nutrition and Aging, Bendich, A., C.W. Bales, J.L. Locher and E. Saltzman (Eds.)., Springer, New York, ISBN: 978-1-4939-1928-4, pp: 3-19.
Xu, W., H. Zhang, S. Paillard-Borg, H. Zhu, X. Qi and D. Rizzuto, 2016. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Chinese adults: Role of adiposity indicators and age. Obes. Facts, 9: 17-28.
Muljati, S., A. Triwinarto and Y. Kristanto, 2014. Disability of elderly based on nutritional status, anemia and socio-demographic characteristics. Penelit. Gizi Makan, 37: 87-100.
Kamp, B.J., N.S. Wellman and C. Russell, 2010. Position of the American Dietetic Association, American Society for Nutrition and Society for Nutrition Education: Food and nutrition programs for community-residing older adults. J. Am. Dietetic Assoc., 110: 463-472.
Strauss, J., F. Witoelar, B. Sikoki and A.M. Wattie, 2009. The fourth wave of the Indonesia family life survey: Overview and field report. Volume 1. Working Paper, RAND., California.
Strauss, J., F. Witoelar and S. Bondan, 2016. The fifth wave of the Indonesia family life survey: Overview and field report. Volume 1. Working Paper, RAND., California.
Minister of Health, 2016. PMK No. 25 Tentang Rencana Aksi Nasional Kesehatan Lanjut Usia Tahun 2016-2019. Minister of Health, Republic of Indonesia.
SEARO., 2018. Elderly population. World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia.
Cheung, Y.B., 2014. “A body shape index†in middle-age and older Indonesian population: Scaling exponents and association with incident hypertension. PloS One, Vol. 9.
Tsai, A.C., 2012. Anthropometrical Changes in Older Taiwanese and Diet and Exercise. In: Handbook of Anthropometry: Physical Measures of Human Form in Health and Disease, Preedy, V.R. (Ed.). Springer, New York, ISBN: 978-1-4419-1787-4, pp: 1435-1448.
Abbes, M.A. and K. Bereksi-Reguig, 2018. Obesity increases blood pressure in North-African elderly subjects. Pak. J. Nutr., 17: 152-155.
Ashwell, M. and S. Gibson, 2016. Waist-to-height ratio as an indicator of ‘early health risk’: Simpler and more predictive than using a ‘matrix’ based on BMI and waist circumference. BMJ Open, Vol. 6, No. 3.
Monteiro, J.C.V., G.D. Pimentel and M.V. Sousa, 2012. Relationship between body mass index with dietary fiber intake and skinfolds-differences among bodybuilders who train during morning and nocturne period. Nutr. Hosp., 27: 929-935.
Anderson, J.W., P. Baird, R.H. Davis Jr., S. Ferreri and M. Knudtson et al., 2009. Health benefits of dietary fiber. Nutr. Rev., 67: 188-205.
Romaguera, D., L. Angquist, H. Du, M.U. Jakobsen and N.G. Forouhi et al., 2010. Dietary determinants of changes in waist circumference adjusted for body mass index-a proxy measure of visceral adiposity. PloS One, Vol. 5, No. 7.
Ugalde, M., 2016. Spatial analysis of the nutritional risk of older adults participating in the older americans act program in South Carolina, 2013. Ph.D. Thesis, Clemson University, USA.
Mason, K.E., N. Pearce and S. Cummins, 2018. Associations between fast food and physical activity environments and adiposity in mid-life: Cross-sectional, observational evidence from UK Biobank. Lancet Public Health, 3: e24-e33.
Brady, A.O., A.C. Berg, M.A. Johnson and E.M. Evans, 2015. Phisical Activity and Exercise: Important Complements to Nutrition in Older Adults. In: Handbook of Clinical Nutrition and Aging, Bendich, A., C.W. Bales, J.L. Locher and E. Saltzman, (Eds.). Springer, New York, ISBN: 978-1-4939-1928-4, pp: 355-374.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
