Photoprotective Effects of Oral L-Glutathione Supplementation on Epidermal Hyperplasia in UVB Irradiated Balb/C Mice
Authors
- Tava Shelan Nagapan Programme of Biomedical Science, Centre of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
-
Ahmad Rohi Ghazali
Programme of Biomedical Science, Centre of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Dayang Fredalina Basri Programme of Biomedical Science, Centre of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Wenna Nallance Lim Programme of Biomedical Science, Centre of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2019.595.601Keywords:
Antioxidant, epidermal hyperplasia, erythema, L-glutathione, photoprotection, skin scaling, ultraviolet radiation BAbstract
Background and Objective: Extensive exposure of skin to ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) causes early inflammatory response and epidermal hyperplasia. L-Glutathione is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent that can protect skin from photodamage. This study aimed to determine the protective effect of oral L-glutathione supplementation on UVB induced Balb/c. Materials and Methods: Eighteen female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: (1) Control group (n = 6), without UVB irradiation and L-glutathione administration; (2) UVB irradiated group (n = 6), irradiated with UVB dose of 250 mJ/cm2 for 3 minutes and (3) treatment group (n = 6), irradiated with UVB and treated with 0.02 mL of 100 mg kg–1 of L-glutathione by oral gavage. The treatment was given for 14 days and UVB irradiation was given on days 9, 11 and 13. Results: Mice irradiated with UVB and treated with L-Glutathione showed prominent reduction of skin scaling and erythema. Oral supplementation of L-glutathione significantly reduced the skinfold thickness (p<0.05) as compared to UVB-irradiated group. Mice irradiated with UVB and treated with L-Glutathione showed reduced leukocyte infiltration and epidermal hyperplasia. Conclusion: Oral supplementation of L-glutathione can influence the cutaneous and early inflammatory response to UVB irradiation. Therefore, L-glutathione has the potential to be developed as a photoprotective agent.
References
D'Orazio, J., S. Jarrett, A. Amaro-Ortiz and T. Scott, 2013. UV radiation and the skin. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 14: 12222-12248.
Matsumura, Y. and H.N. Ananthaswamy, 2004. Toxic effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin. Toxicol. Applied Pharmacol., 195: 298-308.
Vina, J., C. Perez, T. Furukawa, M. Palacin and J.R. Vina, 1989. Effect of oral glutathione on hepatic glutathione levels in rats and mice. Br. J. Nutr., 62: 683-691.
Marrot, L. and J.R. Meunier, 2008. Skin DNA photodamage and its biological consequences. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 58: S139-S148.
Kang, T.H., H.M. Park, Y.B. Kim, H. Kim and N. Kim et al., 2009. Effects of red ginseng extract on UVB irradiation-induced skin aging in hairless mice. J. Ethnopharmacol., 123: 446-451.
Lee, S., C.M. Kim, J.H. Lee, K. Lee, K.S. Cho and E.S. Kim, 2017. Effect of hemp fiber on UVB-induced epidermal cell proliferation and PCNA expression. Genes Genomics, 39: 667-673.
Tebbe, B., 2001. Relevance of oral supplementation with antioxidants for prevention and treatment of skin disorders. Skin Pharmacol. Applied Skin Physiol., 14: 296-302.
Zhang, D., C. Lu, Z. Yu, X. Wang and L. Yan et al., 2017. Echinacoside alleviates UVB irradiation-mediated skin damage via inhibition of oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longevity, Vol. 2017.
Parrado, C., N. Philips, Y. Gilaberte, A. Juarranz and S. Gonzalez, 2018. Oral photoprotection: Effective agents and potential candidates. Front. Med., Vol. 5.
Lim, H.W., M.I. Arellano-Mendoza and F. Stengel, 2017. Current challenges in photoprotection. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 76: S91-S99.
Sambandan, D.R. and D. Ratner, 2011. Sunscreens: An overview and update. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 64: 748-758.
Rodford, R., 1997. Safety evaluation of preservatives. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 19: 281-290.
Handa, O., S. Kokura, S. Adachi, T. Takagi and Y. Naito et al., 2006. Methylparaben potentiates UV-induced damage of skin keratinocytes. Toxicology, 227: 62-72.
Lee, C.W., H.H. Ko, C.Y. Chai, W.T. Chen, C.C. Lin and F.L. Yen, 2013. Effect of Artocarpus communis extract on UVB irradiation-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in hairless mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 14: 3860-3873.
Kurutas, E.B., 2015. The importance of antioxidants which play the role in cellular response against oxidative/nitrosative stress: Current state. Nutr. J., Vol. 15.
Suthanthiran, M., M.E. Anderson, V.K. Sharma and A. Meister, 1990. Glutathione regulates activation-dependent DNA synthesis in highly purified normal human T lymphocytes stimulated via the CD2 and CD3 antigens. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA., 87: 3343-3347.
Lu, S.C., 2009. Regulation of glutathione synthesis. Mol. Aspects Med., 30: 42-59.
Schwartz, J.L. and G. Shklar, 1996. Glutathione inhibits experimental oral carcinogenesis, p53 expression and angiogenesis. Nutr. Cancer, 26: 229-236.
Furukawa, T., S.N. Meydani and J.B. Blumberg, 1987. Reversal of age-associated decline in immune responsiveness by dietary glutathione supplementation in mice. Mech. Ageing Dev., 38: 107-117.
Kim, S.J., D. Han, B.H. Ahn and J.S. Rhee, 1997. Effect of glutathione, catechin and epicatechin on the survival of Drosophila melanogaster under paraquat treatment. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 61: 225-229.
Yabuki, Y. and K. Fukunaga, 2013. Oral administration of glutathione improves memory deficits following transient brain ischemia by reducing brain oxidative stress. Neuroscience, 250: 394-407.
Park, J.M., J.K. Cho, J.Y. Mok, I.H. Jeon, H.S. Kim, H.J. Kang and S.I. Jang, 2012. Protective effect of astragalin and quercetin on ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated damage in HaCaT cells and Balb/c mice. J. Korean Soc. Applied Biol. Chem., 55: 443-446.
Kim, H., 2016. Garlic supplementation ameliorates UV-induced photoaging in hairless mice by regulating antioxidative activity and MMPs expression. Molecules, Vol. 21, No. 1.
Lee, J.H., H.T. An, J.H. Chung, K.H. Kim, H.C. Eun and K.H. Cho, 2002. Acute effects of UVB radiation on the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed., 18: 253-261.
Dumoulin, M., D. Gaudout and B. Lemaire, 2016. Clinical effects of an oral supplement rich in antioxidants on skin radiance in women. Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol., 9: 315-324.
Uchida, H., Y. Nakajima, K. Ohtake, J. Ito, M. Morita, A. Kamimura and J. Kobayashi, 2017. Protective effects of oral glutathione on fasting-induced intestinal atrophy through oxidative stress. World J. Gastroenterol., 23: 6650-6664.
Afaq, F., V.M. Adhami and N. Ahmad, 2003. Prevention of short-term ultraviolet B radiation-mediated damages by resveratrol in SKH-1 hairless mice. Toxicol. Applied Pharmacol., 186: 28-37.
Godic, A., B. Poljsak, M. Adamic and R. Dahmane, 2014. The role of antioxidants in skin cancer prevention and treatment. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., Vol. 2014.
Pizzorno, J., 2014. Glutathione!. Integr. Med. (Encinitas), 13: 8-12.
Bickers, D.R. and M. Athar, 2006. Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of skin disease. J. Invest. Dermatol., 126: 2565-2575.
Bishop, T., D.W. Hewson, P.K. Yip, M.S. Fahey, D. Dawbarn, A.R. Young and S.B. McMahon, 2007. Characterisation of ultraviolet-B-induced inflammation as a model of hyperalgesia in the rat. Pain, 131: 70-82.
Sawane, M., H. Kidoya, F. Muramatsu, N. Takakura and K. Kajiya, 2011. Apelin attenuates UVB-induced edema and inflammation by promoting vessel function. Am. J. Pathol., 179: 2691-2697.
Lee, E.H., D. Faulhaber, K.M. Hanson, W. Ding, S. Peters, S. Kodali and R.D. Granstein, 2004. Dietary lutein reduces ultraviolet radiation-induced inflammation and immunosuppression. J. Investig. Dermatol., 122: 510-517.
Gonzalez, S., W. Astnersan, D. Goukassina and M.A. Pathaak, 2003. Dietary lutein/zeaxanthin decreases ultraviolet B-induced epidermal hyperproliferation and acute inflammation in hairless mice. J. Invest. Dermatol., 121: 399-405.
Vostalova, J., A. Zdarilova and A. Svobodova, 2010. Prunella vulgaris extract and rosmarinic acid prevent UVB-induced DNA damage and oxidative stress in HaCaT keratinocytes. Arch. Dermatol. Res., 302: 171-181.
Mittal, M., M.R. Siddiqui, K. Tran, S.P. Reddy and A.B. Malik, 2014. Reactive oxygen species in inflammation and tissue injury. Antioxid. Redox Signaling, 20: 1126-1167.
Roberts, L.K. and D.G. Beasley, 1995. Commercial sunscreen lotions prevent ultraviolet-radiation-induced immune suppression of contact hypersensitivity. J. Investig. Dermatol., 105: 339-344.
Chen, B.Y., D.P.C. Lin, L.C. Chang, T.P. Huang and H.J. Liu et al., 2013. Dietary α-lipoic acid prevents UVB-induced corneal and conjunctival degeneration through multiple effects. Investig. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci., 54: 6757-6766.
Katiyar, S.K. and H. Mukhtar, 2001. Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment to mouse skin prevents UVB-induced infiltration of leukocytes, depletion of antigen-presenting cells and oxidative stress. J. Leukoc. Biol., 69: 719-726.
Jiang, S.J., J.Y. Chen, Z.F. Lu, J. Yao, D.F. Che and X.J. Zhou, 2006. Biophysical and morphological changes in the stratum corneum lipids induced by UVB irradiation. J. Dermatol. Sci., 44: 29-36.
Cho, Y.S., K.H. Lee and J.W. Park, 2010. Pyrithione-zinc prevents UVB-induced epidermal hyperplasia by inducing HIF-1α. Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 14: 91-97.
Divya, S.P., X. Wang, P. Pratheeshkumar, Y.O. Son and R.V. Roy et al., 2015. Blackberry extract inhibits UVB-induced oxidative damage and inflammation through MAP kinases and NF-κB signaling pathways in SKH-1 mice skin. Toxicol. Applied Pharmacol., 284: 92-99.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
