How Does Nutritional and Energy Intake at Breakfast Differ Among Adults According to the Level of Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2020.38.43Keywords:
Breakfast, energy intake, food consumption, herbal tea, Mediterranean dietAbstract
Background and Objective: The Mediterranean diet is a diet based on the consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and seafood and has reported positive effects on cardiovascular diseases and chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. In addition, breakfast is the most important of the main meals and is also associated with many health effects. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the nutrients and nutritional elements consumed by individuals considering their adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with healthy volunteers who regularly ate breakfast and who were between 18 and 64 years of age. Data on Mediterranean diet compliance and breakfast consumption were obtained by a questionnaire. According to the scale of compliance with the Mediterranean diet, ≤5 points was considered low, 6-9 points was moderate and ≥10 points was high. Data were analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA test. Results: A total of 400 adult individuals with a mean age of 34±13.5 years participated in the study. The majority (60.3%) had moderate adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Those who showed high adherence to the Mediterranean diet consumed more soup and oilseeds at breakfast than participants with other compliance levels (p<0.001). Moreover, herbal tea consumption at breakfast was the lowest among those with low compliance (p<0.001). The energy and macronutrient intakes at breakfast did not differ according to the level of compliance with the Mediterranean diet (p>0.05). Conclusion: It was determined that more than half of the participants had a moderate level of compliance with the Mediterranean diet. The data obtained as a result of the study contribute to the literature in terms of interpreting the adherence of the participants to the Mediterranean diet in the context of their nutrient preferences at breakfast. More studies with a larger sample size should be conducted.
References
Bolluk, S. and N.A. Tek, 2014. [Mediterranean diet for prevention of Alzheimer’s disease]. Akad Geriatri, 6: 55-61, (In Turkish).
Pérez-López, F.R., P. Chedraui, J. Haya and J.L. Cuadros, 2009. Effects of the Mediterranean diet on longevity and age-related morbid conditions. Maturitas, 64: 67-79.
Galbete, C., L. Schwingshackl, C. Schwedhelm, H. Boeing and M.B. Schulze, 2018. Evaluating Mediterranean diet and risk of chronic disease in cohort studies: An umbrella review of meta-analyses. Eur. J. Epidemiol., 33: 909-931.
Willett, W.C., F. Sacks, A. Trichopoulou, G. Drescher, A. Ferro-Luzzi, E. Helsing and D. Trichopoulos, 1995. Mediterranean diet pyramid: A cultural model for healthy eating. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 61: 1402S-1406S.
Bach-Faig, A., E.M. Berry, D. Lairon, J. Reguant and A. Trichopoulou et al., 2011. Mediterranean diet pyramid today. Science and cultural updates. Public Health Nutr., 14: 2274-2284.
Barbaros, B. and S. Kabaran, 2014. [Mediterranean diet and health protective properties]. J. Nutr. Diet., 42: 140-147, (In Turkish).
Serra-Majem, L., B. Roman and R. Estruch, 2006. Scientific evidence of interventions using the Mediterranean diet: a systematic review. Nutr. Rev., 64: S27-S47.
Giugliano, D. and K. Esposito, 2008. [Mediterranean nutrition and metabolic diseases]. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., Vol. 3, No. 2, (In Turkish).
Farshchi, H.R., M.A. Taylor and I.A. Macdonald, 2005. Deleterious effects of omitting breakfast on insulin sensitivity and fasting lipid profiles in healthy lean women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 81: 388-396.
Dwyer, J.T., M. Evans, E.J. Stone, H.A. Feldman and L. Lytle et al., 2001. Adolescents’ eating patterns influence their nutrient intakes. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet., 101: 798-802.
Lee, J.S., G. Mishra, K. Hayashi, E. Watanabe, K. Mori and K. Kawakubo, 2016. Combined eating behaviors and overweight: Eating quickly, late evening meals, and skipping breakfast. Eating Behav., 21: 84-88.
Metro, D., M. Papa, L. Manasseri, T. Gervasi and L. Campone et al., 2018. Mediterranean diet in a Sicilian student population. Second part: Breakfast and its nutritional profile. J. Nat. Prod. Res.
Azadbakht, L., F. Haghighatdoost, A. Feizi and A. Esmaillzadeh, 2013. Breakfast eating pattern and its association with dietary quality indices and anthropometric measurements in young women in Isfahan. Nutrition, 29: 420-425.
Schröder, H., M. Fitó, R. Estruch, M.A. MartÃnez-González and D. Corella et al., 2011. A short screener is valid for assessing Mediterranean diet adherence among older Spanish men and women. J. Nutr., 141: 1140-1145.
Gönder, M. and G. Akbulut, 2017. [Current mediterranean diet and potential health effects: Review.] J. Health Sci., 2: 110-120, (In Turkish).
Canbolat, E. and H. Yardimci, 2016. [Alzheimer's disease and protective nutrients]. J. Duzce Univ. Health Sci. Inst., 6: 139-145, (In Turkish).
Williams, P., 2005. Breakfast and the diets of Australian adults: an analysis of data from the 1995 national nutrition survey. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 56: 65-79.
Hu, E.A., E. Toledo, J. Diez-Espino, R. Estruch and D. Corella et al., 2013. Lifestyles and risk factors associated with adherence to the Mediterranean diet: A baseline assessment of the PREDIMED trial. PloS One, Vol. 8, No. 4.
Panagiotakos, D.B., C. Pitsavos and C. Stefanadis, 2006. Dietary patterns: A Mediterranean diet score and its relation to clinical and biological markers of cardiovascular disease risk. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis., 16: 559-568.
Thomsen, C., H. Storm, J.J. Holst and K. Hermansen, 2003. Differential effects of saturated and monounsaturated fats on postprandial lipemia and glucagon-like peptide 1 responses in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 77: 605-611.
Jonnalagadda, S.S., L. Harnack, R.H. Liu, N. McKeown, C. Seal, S. Liu and G.C. Fahey, 2011. Putting the whole grain puzzle together: Health benefits associated with whole grains-summary of American society for nutrition 2010 satellite symposium. J. Nutr., 141: 1011S-1022S.
Intermountain Healthcare, 2015. The Mediterranean diet. https://intermountainhealthcare.org/ext/Dcmnt?ncid=527023066.
VA Health Care, 2015. Mediterranean diet. https://www.nutrition.va.gov/docs/UpdatedPatientEd/Mediterraneandiet.pdf.
Diabetes, UK., 2017. Meal planner: Mediterranean diet. https://www.diabetes.org.uk/resources-s3/2017-10/DUK-Meal-Planner-Med-ERv2%20611KB.pdf
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
