The Effects of Probiotics on Body Weight and Biomarkers of Animal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2013.793.799Keywords:
Gut microbiota, probiotic, weight regulationAbstract
Obesity is associated with the alteration of the gut microbiota. In order to determine the effects of probiotics on body weight management and its related biomarkers we performed a systematic review using clinical trial, interventional and experimental studies. We performed a broad search with no date restriction. Primary outcomes were included the parameters related to body weight management. Secondary outcomes were inflammatory markers, lipid profile, blood glucose and insulin level. A total of 12 animal studies were identified. Among these, six studies reported the significant changes in body weight and all the studies had documented significant improvements in at least one body weight related parameter. However, inflammatory markers and lipid profile were significantly improved in the animal model; changes in body weight and energy intake that could be due to probiotics supplementation were controversial. Different strains of gut microbiota have different effects on weight changes. Further studies are needed to identify the role of gut microbiota on weight regulation of human.
References
Al-Lahham, S.A., H. Roelofsen, F. Rezaee, D. Weening, A. Hoek, R. Vonk and K. Venema, 2012. Propionic acid affects immune status and metabolism in adipose tissue from overweight subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 42: 357-364.
An, H.M., S.Y. Park, D.K. Lee, J.R. Kim and M.K. Cha et al., 2011. Antiobesity and lipid-lowering effects of Bifidobacterium spp. in high fat diet-induced obese rats. Lipids Health Dis., Vol. 10.
Andersson, U., C. Branning, S. Ahrne, G. Molin and J. Alenfall et al., 2010. Probiotics lower plasma glucose in the high-fat fed C57BL/6J mouse. Beneficial Microbes, 1: 189-196.
Backhed, F., J.K. Manchester, C.F Semenkovich and J.I. Gordon, 2007. Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 104: 979-984.
Brun, P., I. Castagliuolo, V.D. Leo, A. Buda, M. Pinzani, G. Palu and D. Martines, 2007. Increased intestinal permeability in obese mice: New evidence in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointestinal Liver Physiol., 292: G518-G525.
Cani, P.D., A.M. Neyrinck, F. Fava, C. Knauf and R.G. Burcelin et al., 2007. Selective increases of bifidobacteria in gut microflora improve high-fat-diet-induced diabetes in mice through a mechanism associated with endotoxaemia. Diabetologia, 50: 2374-2383.
Chen, J.J., R. Wang, X.F. Li and R.L. Wang, 2011. Bifidobacterium longum supplementation improved high-fat-fed-induced metabolic syndrome and promoted intestinal Reg I gene expression. Exp. Biol. Med., 236: 823-831.
Considine, R.V., M.K. Sinha, M.L. Heiman, A. Kriauciunas and T.W. Stephens et al., 1996. Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. New Engl. J. Med., 334: 292-295.
Ferron, F., R.V. Considine, R. Peino, I.G. Lado, C. Dieguez and F.F. Casanueva, 1997. Serum leptin concentrations in patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and non‐specific eating disorders correlate with the body mass index but are independent of the respective disease. Clin. Endocrinol., 46: 289-293.
Fleissner, C.K., N. Huebel, M.M. Abd El-Bary, G. Loh, S. Klaus and M. Blaut, 2010. Absence of intestinal microbiota does not protect mice from diet-induced obesity. Br. J. Nutr., 104: 919-929.
Friedman, J.M., 2002. The function of leptin in nutrition, weight and physiology. Nutr. Rev., 60: S1-S14.
Fukuchi, S., K. Hamaguchi, M. Seike, K. Himeno, T. Sakata and H. Yoshimatsu, 2004. Role of fatty acid composition in the development of metabolic disorders in sucrose induced obese rats. Exp. Biol. Med., 229: 486-493.
Griffiths, E.A., L.C. Duffy, F.L. Schanbacher, H. Qiao and D. Dryja et al., 2004. In vivo effects of bifidobacteria and lactoferrin on gut endotoxin concentration and mucosal immunity in Balb/c mice. Digestive Dis. Sci., 49: 579-589.
Hamad, E.M., M. Sato, K. Uzu, T. Yoshida and S. Higashi et al., 2009. Milk fermented by Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 influences adipocyte size via inhibition of dietary fat absorption in Zucker rats. Br. J. Nutr., 101: 716-724.
Usman, A.H., 1999. Bile tolerance, taurocholate deconjugation and binding of cholesterol by Lactobacillus gasseri strains. J. Diary Sci., 82: 243-248.
Jequier, E., 2002. Leptin signaling, adiposity and energy balance. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 967: 379-388.
Jumpertz, R., D. Son Le, P.J. Turnbaugh, C. Trinidad, C. Bogardus, J.I. Gordon and J. Krakoff, 2011. Energy-balance studies reveal associations between gut microbes, caloric load and nutrient absorption in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 94: 58-65.
Kang, J.H., S.I. Yun and H.O. Park, 2010. Effects of Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 on body weight and adipose tissue mass in diet-induced overweight rats. J. Microbiol., 48: 712-714.
Kang, J.H., S.I. Yun, M.H. Park, J.H. Park, S.Y. Jeong and H.O. Park, 2013. Anti-obesity effect of Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 in high-sucrose diet-induced obese mice. PloS One, Vol. 8.
Lee, H.Y., J.H. Park, S.H. Seok, M.W. Baek and D.J. Kim et al., 2006. Human originated bacteria, Lactobacillus rhamnosus PL60, produce conjugated linoleic acid and show anti-obesity effects in diet-induced obese mice. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids, 1761: 736-744.
Ma, X., J. Hua and Z. Li, 2008. Probiotics improve high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance by increasing hepatic NKT cells. J. Hepatol., 49: 821-830.
Mathur, S.K., P. Jain and P. Mathur, 2011. Microarray evidences the role of pathologic adipose tissue in insulin resistance and their clinical implications. J. Obesity.
Matsuzaki, T., R. Yamazaki, S. Hashimoto and T. Yokokura, 1997. Antidiabetic effects of an oral administration of Lactobacillus casei in a Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) model using KK-Ay mice. Endocrine J., 44: 357-365.
McNeil, N.I., 1984. The contribution of the large intestine to energy supplies in man. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 39: 338-342.
Million, M., E. Angelakis, M. Paul, F. Armougom, L. Leibovici and D. Raoult, 2012. Comparative meta-analysis of the effect of Lactobacillus species on weight gain in humans and animals. Microbial Pathogen., 53: 100-108.
Murphy, E.F., P.D. Cotter, S. Healy, T.M. Marques and O. O'Sullivan et al., 2010. Composition and energy harvesting capacity of the gut microbiota: Relationship to diet, obesity and time in mouse models. Gut, 59: 1635-1642.
Naito, E., Y. Yoshida, K. Makino, Y. Kounoshi, S. Kunihiro, R. Takahashi and F. Ishikawa, 2011. Beneficial effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on insulin resistance in diet-induced obesity mice. J. Applied Microbiol., 110: 650-657.
Park, Y.H., J.G. Kim, Y.W. Shin, H.S. Kim and Y.J. Kim et al.,. Whang, 2008. Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus 43121 and a mixture of Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium longum on the serum cholesterol level and fecal sterol excretion in hypercholesterolemia-induced pigs. Biosc. Biotechnol. Biochem., 72: 595-600.
Rao, D.R., C.B. Chawan and S.R. Pulusani, 2006. Influence of milk and Thermophilus milk on plasma cholesterol levels and hepatic cholesterogenesis in rats. J. Food Sci., 46: 1339-1341.
Samuel, B.S., A. Shaito, T. Motoike, F.E. Rey and F. Backhed et al., 2008. Effects of the gut microbiota on host adiposity are modulated by the short-chain fatty-acid binding G protein-coupled receptor, Gpr41. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 105: 16767-16772.
Sato, M., K. Uzu, T. Yoshida, E.M. Hamad and H. Kawakami et al., 2008. Effects of milk fermented by Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 on adipocyte size in rats. Br. J. Nutr., 99: 1013-1017.
Schmid, C., D.L. Goede, R.S. Hauser and M. Brandle, 2006. Increased prevalence of high body mass index in patients presenting with pituitary tumours: SEVERe obesity in patients with macroprolactinoma. Swiss Med. Weekly, 136: 254-254.
Semova, I., J.D. Carten, J. Stombaugh, L.C. Mackey, R. Knight, S.A. Farber and J.F. Rawls, 2012. Microbiota regulate intestinal absorption and metabolism of fatty acids in the zebrafish. Cell Host Microbe, 12: 277-288.
Sousa, R., J. Halper, J. Zhang, S.J. Lewis and W.I.O. Li, 2008. Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus supernatants on body weight and leptin expression in rats. BMC Complem. Altern. Med. Vol. 8.
Suzuki, Y., H. Kaizu and Y. Yamauchi, 1991. Effect of cultured milk on serum cholesterol concentrations in rats fed high cholesterol diets. Anim. Sci. Technol., 62: 565-571.
Caplan, M.S., R. Miller-Catchpole, S. Kaup, T. Russell and M. Lickerman et al., 1999. Bifidobacterial supplementation reduces the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in a neonatal rat model. Gastroenterology, 117: 577-583.
Wang, Z.T., Y.M. Yao, G.X. Xiao and Z.Y. Sheng, 2004. Risk factors of development of gut-derived bacterial translocation in thermally injured rats. World J. Gastroenterol., 10: 1619-1624.
Xiao, J.Z., S. Kondo, N. Takahashi, K. Miyaji and K. Oshida et al., 2003. Effects of milk products fermented by Bifidobacterium longum on blood lipids in rats and healthy adult male volunteers. J. Dairy Sci., 86: 2452-2461.
Yadav, H., S. Jain and P.R. Sinha, 2007. Antidiabetic effect of probiotic dahi containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei in high fructose fed rats. Nutrition, 23: 62-68.
Yin, Y.N., Q.F. Yu, N. Fu, X.W. Liu and F.G. Lu, 2010. Effects of four Bifidobacteria on obesity in high-fat diet induced rats. World J. Gastroenterol., 16: 3394-3401.
Zarfeshani, A., H. Khaza'ai, R.M. Ali, Z. Hambali, K.W.J. Wahle and M.S.A. Mutalib, 2011. Effect of Lactobacillus casei on the production of pro-inflammatory markers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins, 3: 168-174.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2013 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
