Pb and Cr Contaminations of Irrigation Water, Soils and Green Leafy Vegetables Collected from Different Areas of Colombo District, Sri Lanka
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2015.593.602Keywords:
Chromium, contamination, green leafy vegetables, leadAbstract
Excessive buildup of heavy metals in agricultural soils may contribute to environmental contamination, as well as increased heavy metal uptake by vegetable crops, which ultimately leads to adverse health consequences in mankind. A study was conducted to evaluate the Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr) concentrations in irrigation water, soils and green leafy vegetables ["Mukunuwenna" (Alternanthera sessilis), "Thampala" (Amaranthus viridis), "Nivithi" (Basella alba), "Kohila Leaves" (Lasia spinosa) and "Kankun" (Ipomoea aquatica)] collected from forty randomly selected fields of Colombo District, Sri Lanka using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The mean concentrations (mg/kg, dry weight basis) of Pb and Cr in the soils were reported as 39.7±32.3 and 48.4±42.9, respectively. The highest level of Pb detected in irrigation water samples was 2.01 mg/L and Cr was not detected in any of the irrigation water samples analyzed. The mean levels (mg/ kg, dry weight basis) of Cr and Pb in green leafy vegetables found as 3.36±2.76, 2.96±2.16 for Mukunuwenna, 3.58±2.80, 3.14±2.32 for Thampala, 3.28±2.45, 3.11±2.33 for Nivithi, 5.02±4.09, 4.32±3.47 for Kohila and 3.47±2.88, 3.21±2.44 for Kankun, respectively. The highest accumulations of both metals were found in Kohila leaves. Significant differences were observed in Pb and Cr levels, between both production sites and green leafy vegetables analyzed at P<0.05.Thus the study highlights the potential risks involved with the consumption of leafy vegetables cultivated in the contaminated areas which may adversely contribute to the food quality and safety.
References
Aktaruzzaman, M., A.N.M. Fakhruddin, M.A.Z. Chowdhury, Z. Fardous and M.K. Alam, 2013. Accumulation of heavy metals in soil and their transfer to leafy vegetables in the region of Dhaka aricha highway, savar, Bangladesh. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 16: 332-338.
AICR., 2015. Health benefits of green leafy vegetables. American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR), Washington, DC., USA.
APHA, Eaton, A.D., AWWA and WEF, 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st Edn., American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C., USA, ISBN-13: 978-0875530475.
Arora, M., B. Kiran, S. Rani, A. Rani, B. Kaur and N. Mittal, 2008. Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables irrigated with water from different sources. Food Chem., 111: 811-815.
Aruleba, J.O. and A.S. Ajayi, 2012. Heavy metal pollution status of soils in some locations at Ado Ekiti, Southwestern Nigeria. Int. J. AgriSci., 2: 256-264.
Aweng, E.R., M. Karimah and O. Suhaimi, 2011. Heavy metals concentration of irrigation water, soils and fruit vegetables in Kota Bharu area, Kelantan, Malaysia. J. Applied Sci. Environ. Sanit., 6: 463-470.
Belon, E., M. Boisson, I.Z. Deportes, T.K. Eglin and I. Feix et al., 2012. An inventory of trace elements inputs to French agricultural soils. Sci. Total Environ., 439: 87-95.
Bolan, N.S., A.A. Szogi, T. Chuasavathi, B. Seshadri, M.J. Rothrock and P. Panneerselvam, 2010. Uses and management of poultry litter. World's Poult. Sci. J., 66: 673-698.
Chang, C.Y., H.Y. Yu, J.J. Chen, F.B. Li, H.H. Zhang and C.P. Liu, 2014. Accumulation of heavy metals in leaf vegetables from agricultural soils and associated potential health risks in the Pearl River Delta, South China. Environ. Monit. Assess., 186: 1547-1560.
Chen, Y., P. Wu, Y. Shao and Y. Ying, 2014. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables grown around battery production area. Scientia Agricola, 71: 126-132.
CEA., 2013. Country situation report on chemical accident prevention and preparedness programme in Sri Lanka. Task Force on Chemical Accident Prevention and Preparedness Programme in Sri Lanka, Central Environmental Authority (CEA), Battaramulla, Sri Lanka.
Domergue, F.L. and J.C. Vedy, 1992. Mobility of heavy metals in soil profiles. Int. Environ. Anal. Chem., 46: 13-23.
Gupta, S., V. Jena, S. Jena, N. Davic, N. Matic, D. Radojevic and J.S. Solanki, 2013. Assessment of heavy metal contents of green leafy vegetables. Croatian J. Food Sci. Technol., 5: 53-60.
Naser, H.M., N.C. Shil, N.U. Mahmud, M.H. Rashid and K.M. Hossain, 2009. Lead, cadmium and nickel contents of vegetables grown in industrially polluted and non-polluted areas of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Agric., 34: 545-554.
Hogan, C.M., 2010. Heavy Metal. In: Encyclopedia of Earth, Monosson, E. and C. Cleveland (Eds.). National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC., pp: 487-496.
Iqbal, M.A., M.N. Chaudhary, S. Zaib, M. Imran, K. Ali and A. Iqbal, 2011. Accumulation of heavy metals (Ni, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb) in agricultural soils and spring seasonal plants, irrigated by industrial waste water. J. Environ. Technol. Manage., 2: 1-9.
Ahmad, J.U. and M.A. Goni, 2010. Heavy metal contamination in water, soil and vegetables of the industrial areas in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Environ. Monit. Assess., 166: 347-357.
Jayasinghe, B.S., M.I.F.P. Jayawardena and K.A.S. Pathiratne, 2005. Comparison of chromium levels of water spinach samples with those of field water samples. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, September 1-3, 2005, Rhodes Island, Greece.
Kachenko, A.G. and B. Singh, 2006. Heavy metals contamination in vegetables grown in urban and metal smelter contaminated sites in Australia. Water Air Soil Pollut., 169: 101-123.
Kananke, T., J. Wansapala and A. Gunaratne, 2014. Heavy metal contamination in green leafy vegetables collected from selected market sites of Piliyandala area, Colombo district, Sri Lanka. Am. J. Food Sci. Technol., 2: 139-144.
Khillare, P.S., D.S. Jyethi and S. Sarkar, 2012. Health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals via dietary intake of vegetables grown in the vicinity of thermal power plants. Food Chem. Toxicol., 50: 1642-1652.
Mahmood, Q., A. Rashid, S.S. Ahmad, M.R. Azim and M. Bilal, 2012. Current Status of Toxic Metals Addition to Environment and its Consequences. In: The Plant Family Brassicaceae: Contribution Towards Phytoremediation, Anjum, N.A., I. Ahmad, M.E. Pereira, A.C. Duarte, S. Umar and N.A. Khan (Eds.). Chapter 2, Springer, Netherlands, ISBN: 978-94-007-3912-3, pp: 35-69.
Mahmood, A. and R.N. Malik, 2014. Human health risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of contaminated vegetables collected from different irrigation sources in Lahore, Pakistan. Arabian J. Chem., 7: 91-99.
Ndiokwere, C.L. and C.A. Ezihe, 1990. The occurence of heavy metals in the vacinity of industrial complexes in Nigeria. Environ. Int., 16: 291-295.
Anonymous, 1991. Natural resources of Sri Lanka: Conditions and trends. A Report Prepared for The Natural Resources, Energy and Science Authority of Sri Lanka.
AOAC., 2002. Official Methods of Analysis: Methods 999.11 and 965.09. 15th Edn., AOAC, Arlington, VA., USA.
Ondo, J.A., P. Prudent, C. Massiani, P. Hohener and P. Renault, 2014. Effects of agricultural practices on properties and metal content in urban garden soils in a tropical metropolitan area. J. Serbian Chem. Soc., 79: 101-112.
Osundiya, M.O., O.O. Ayejuyo, R.A. Olowu, O.A. Bamgboye and A.O. Ogunlola, 2014. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in frequently consumed leafy vegetable grown along Nigeria-Benin Seme Border, West Africa. Adv. Applied Sci. Res., 5: 1-7.
Otitoju, O., M.I. Akpanabiatu, G.T.O. Otitoju, J.I. Ndem, A.F. Uwah, E.O. Akpanyung and J.T. Ekanem, 2012. Heavy metal contamination of green leafy vegetable gardens in itam road construction site in Uyo, Nigeria. Res. J. Environ. Earth Sci., 4: 371-375.
Perera, W.D.M.C., N.J.G.J. Bandara and M. Jayaweera, 2014. Treatment of landfill leachate using sequencing batch reactor. J. Trop. For. Environ., 4: 82-90.
Premarathna, H.M.P.L., S.P. Indraratne and G. Hettiarachchi, 2010. Heavy metal concentration in crops and soils collected from intensively cultivated areas of Sri Lanka. Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science, August 1-6, 2010, Brisbane, Australia.
Ramesh, H.L. and V.N.Y. Murthy, 2012. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in green leafy vegetables grown in Bangalore urban District of Karnataka. Adv. Life Sci. Technol., 6: 40-51.
Rathnayake, R.M.P.S., H.M.P.L. Premarathna and G.M.H. Ariyaratne, 2004. Heavy metal accumulation by some selected leafy vegetables grown in Wellampitiya area. Proceedings of the Peradeniya University Research Sessions, Volume 9, November 10, 2004, Sri Lanka.
Richards, B.K., T.S. Steenhuis, J.H. Peverly and M.B. McBride, 2000. Effect of sludge-processing mode, soil texture and soil pH on metal mobility in undisturbed soil columns under accelerated loading. Environ. Pollut., 109: 327-346.
Sardar, K., S. Ali, S. Hameed, S. Afzal and S. Fatima et al., 2013. Heavy metals contamination and what are the impacts on living organisms. Greener J. Environ. Manage. Public Saf., 2: 172-179.
Sharma, R.K., M. Agrawal and F.M. Marshall, 2009. Heavy metals in vegetables collected from production and market sites of a tropical urban area of India. Food Chem. Toxicol., 47: 583-591.
Shuaibu, I.K., M. Yahaya and U.K. Abdullahi, 2013. Heavy metal levels in selected green leafy vegetables obtained from Katsina central market, Katsina, North-Western Nigeria. Afr. J. Pure Applied Chem., 7: 179-183.
Singh, A., R.K. Sharma, M. Agrawal and F.M. Marshall, 2010. Health risk assessment of heavy metals via dietary intake of foodstuffs from the wastewater irrigated site of a dry tropical area of India. Food Chem. Toxicol., 48: 611-619.
Sobukola, O.P., O.M. Adeniran, A.A. Odedairo and O.E. Kajihausa, 2010. Heavy metal levels of some fruits and leafy vegetables from selected markets in Lagos, Nigeria. Afr. J. Food Sci., 4: 389-393.
Oluwole, S.O., S.C.O. Makinde, K.A. Yusuf, O.O. Fajana and A.O. Odumosu, 2013. Determination of heavy metal contaminants in leafy vegetables cultivated by the road side. Int. J. Eng. Res. Dev., 7: 1-5.
Usman, O.A.S. and J.T. Ayodele, 2002. Bioaccumulation of four heavy metals in leaves of Calostropis procera. J. Chem. Soc. Niger., 27: 26-27.
WHO/FAO., 2007. Report of the 24th session of the codex committee on nutrition and foods for special dietary uses. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Wuana, R.A. and F.E. Okieimen, 2011. Heavy metals in contaminated soils: A review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. Int. Scholarly Res. Not., Vol. 2011.
Zauyah, S.C., B. Juliana, R. Noorhafizah, C.I. Fauziah and A.B. Rosenami, 2004. Concentration and speciation of heavy metals in some cultivated and uncultivated utisols and inceptisols in peninsular Malaysia. Proceeding of the 3rd Australian New Zealand Soils Conference, December 5-9, 2004, University of Sydney, Australia.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2015 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
