The Effect of Different Physiological Reproduction Conditions on Estradiol (E2) Residues in Local Raw Milk
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2020.127.131Keywords:
Dairy cattle, estradiol (E2), milk, pregnant cows, reproductionAbstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the estradiol (E2) residues found in milk from local dairy farms of cows in different physiological reproduction states to determine whether the E2 residues were still within normal limits for consumption. Materials and Methods: This research used 22 adult Friesian Holstein Crossbreed (PFH) cows that were divided into 3 groups; A: Productive cows (non-pregnant and non-estrus conditions), B: Pregnant cows in the second trimester of gestation and C: Estrus cows. All of the cows were in the productive age range of 2-4 years old or in the second to fourth parity. Blood and milk samples were collected twice a day. Blood samples were kept at room temperature for 24 h to collect the serum and then stored in a freezer. The milk was centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 min and the supernatant was collected and then kept frozen. The estradiol assay was conducted with an ELISA kit from Calbiotech. The body weight was estimated with Rondo measuring tape and the daily milk production was evaluated. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design with IBM SPSS 23. Results: Reproduction conditions affected the E2 residues in milk (p<0.05). The estradiol residues found in milk were greater than in serum due to an unknown mechanism. The highest E2 residues were observed in the milk of pregnant cows (187.425±27.315 pg mL–1). Conclusion: It can be concluded that theE2 residues found in milk in every group was very low compared with the normal estradiol levels consumed by humans.
References
Yang, L., Q. Yang, M. Yi, Z.H. Pang and B.H. Xiong, 2013. Effects of seasonal change and parity on raw milk composition and related indices in Chinese Holstein cows in northern China. J. Dairy Sci., 96 : 6863-6869.
Yoon, J.T., J.H. Lee, C.K. Kim, Y.C. Chung and C.H. Kim, 2004. Effects of milk production, season, parity and lactation period on variations of milk urea nitrogen concentration and milk components of Holstein dairy cows. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 17: 479-484.
Kumar, D., D. Rai, P. Porwal and S. Kumar, 2018. Compositional quality of milk and its contaminants on physical and chemical concern: a review. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Applied Sci., 7: 1125-1132.
Malekinejad, H. and A. Rezabakhsh, 2015. Hormones in dairy foods and their impact on public health - A narrative review article. Iran. J. Public Health, 44: 742-758.
Rath, A.P., S. Panda, R. Pandey, A. Routray and K. Sethy, 2017. Hormone residues in milk and meat products and their public health significance. Pharma Innovation J., 7: 489-494.
Grgurevic, N., J. Koracin, G. Majdic and T. Snoj, 2016. Effect of dietary estrogens from bovine milk on blood hormone levels and reproductive organs in mice. J. Dairy Sci., 99: 6005-6013.
Pape-Zambito, D.A., A.L. Magliaro and R.S. Kensinger, 2008. 17β-Estradiol and estrone concentrations in plasma and milk during bovine pregnancy. J. Dairy Sci., 91: 127-135.
Farlow, D.W., X. Xu and T.D. Veenstra, 2009. Quantitative measurement of endogenous estrogen metabolites, risk-factors for development of breast cancer, in commercial milk products by LC–MS/MS. J. Chromatogr. B, 877: 1327-1334.
Ganmaa, D., H. Tezuka, D. Enkhmaa, K. Hoshi and A. Sato, 2006. Commercial cows' milk has uterotrophic activity on the uteri of young ovariectomized rats and immature rats. Int. J. Cancer, 118: 2363-2365.
Gandhi, R. and S. Snedeker, 2000. Consumer Concerns About Hormones in Food. Cornell University Program on Breast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors, New York, Fact Sheet No. 37, June 2000.
McCann, S.E., J. Hays, C.W. Baumgart, E.H. Weiss, S. Yao and C.B. Ambrosone, 2017. Usual consumption of specific dairy foods is associated with breast cancer in the Roswell park cancer institute data bank and biorepository. Curr. Dev. Nutr.
Mandal, A., 2014. Estrogen function. News Medical. https://www.news-medical.net/.
Pinheiro, L.M.A, P. da Silva Cândido, T.C. Moreto, W.G. Di Almeida and E.C. de Castro, 2017. Estradiol use in the luteal phase and its effects on pregnancy rates in IVF cycles with GnRH antagonist: a systematic review. JBRA Assisted Reprod., 21: 247-250.
Pape-Zambito, D.A., A.L. Magliaro and R.S. Kensinger, 2007. Concentrations of 17β-estradiol in Holstein whole milk. J. Dairy Sci., 90: 3308-3313.
Parodi, P.W., 2012. Impact of cows’ milk estrogen on cancer risk. Int. Dairy J., 22: 3-14.
Thomssen, C., 2010. Consumption of cow’s milk and possible risk of breast cancer. J. Club Breast Care, 5: 44-46.
Kertz, A.F., L.F. Reutzel, B.A. Barton and R.L. Ely, 1997. Body weight, body condition score, and wither height of prepartum Holstein cows and birth weight and sex of calves by parity: a database and summary. J. Dairy Sci., 80: 525-529.
Nurhayu, A., A. Ella and M. Sariubang, 2017. Feed Improvement on the Lactating Dairy Cows in Enrekang, South Sulawesi. Proceeding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner, August 8-9, 2017, ICARD., Bogor, 132-138.
Rahman, M.T., Hermawan and D.S. Tasripin, 2015. Evaluation of the performance production of progeny imported holstein dairy cows (Case studies in PT. UPBS, Pangalengan, West Java). Stud. e-J. Univ. Padjajaran, 4: 1-8.
Sunu, K.P.W., Hartutik and Hermanto, 2008. Pengaruh penggunaan ajitein dalam pakan terhadap produksi dan kualitas susu sapi perah. [The effect of using feed ajitein on the production and quality of dairy cow]. J. Ilmu-ilmu Peternakan, 23: 42-51 (In Indonesian).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
