Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan from Indonesian Tambak Lorok Shrimp Shell Waste and Crab Shell Waste
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2018.446.453Keywords:
Chitin, chitosan, crab, shells, shrimpAbstract
Background and Objective: Shrimp shell waste and crab shell waste are causes of environmental pollution and chemical methods can be used to process this waste into chitosan. Chitosan is the second largest natural biopolymer after cellulose and has many applications in food and health products. The aim of this research was to investigate the potential of Tambak Lorok shrimp shell and crab shell waste as an alternative raw material for chitosan production. Materials and Methods: Chitosan was prepared by chemically treating shell waste from shrimp in the Penaeidae rafinesque family and shell waste from crab in the Portunidae family from Tambak Lorok, Indonesia. The chemical structure of chitosan was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy, oswald viscometry and scanning electron microscopy. Results: The isolated chitosan from shrimp shell waste showed an 89.6% degree of deacetylation, a 64% degree of crystallinity and a 557 kDa molecular weight. The isolated chitosan from crab shell waste showed an 82.1% degree of deacetylation, an 81% degree of crystallinity and a 690 kDa molecular weight. Chitosan from both shrimp shell waste and crab shell waste had a porous and fibril-like structure. Conclusion: It was concluded that shrimp shell waste and crab shell waste are potential alternative raw materials for chitosan production.
References
Shahidi, F., J.K.V. Arachchi and Y.J. Jeon, 1999. Food applications of chitin and chitosans-A review. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 10: 37-51.
Kumar, M.N.V.R., 2000. A review of chitin and chitosan applications. React. Funct. Polym., 46: 1-27.
Muzzarelli, R.A.A., 1977. Chitin. Pegamon Press, New York.
Dutta, P.K., S. Tripathi, G.K. Mehrotra and J. Dutta, 2009. Perspectives for chitosan based antimicrobial films in food applications. Food Chem., 114: 1173-1182.
Dai, X., P. Chang, Q. Zhu, W. Liu, Y. Sun, S. Zhu and Z. Jiang, 2013. Chitosan oligosaccharides protect rat primary hippocampal neurons from oligomeric β-amyloid 1-42-induced neurotoxicity. Neurosci. Lett., 554: 64-69.
Sayari, N., A. Sila, B.E. Abdelmalek, R.B. Abdallah, S. Ellouz-Chaabouni, A. Bougatef and R. Balti, 2016. Chitin and chitosan from the Norway lobster by-products: Antimicrobial and anti-proliferative activities. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 87: 163-171.
Van der Gronde, T., A. Hartog, C. van Hees, H. Pellikaan and T. Pieters, 2016. Systematic review of the mechanisms and evidence behind the hypocholesterolaemic effects of HPMC, pectin and chitosan in animal trials. Food Chem., 199: 746-759.
Huang, C., K.G. Neoh, L. Xu, E.T. Kang and E. Chiong, 2012. Polymeric nanoparticles with encapsulated superparamagnetic iron oxide and conjugated cisplatin for potential bladder cancer therapy. Biomacromolecules, 13: 2513-2520.
Jia, S., Z. Lu, Z. Gao, J. An and X. Wu et al., 2016. Chitosan oligosaccharides alleviate cognitive deficits in an amyloid-β1-42-induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 83: 416-425.
Khdair, A., I. Hamad, H. Alkhatib, Y. Bustanji, M. Mohammad, R. Tayem and K. Aiedeh, 2016. Modified-chitosan nanoparticles: Novel drug delivery systems improve oral bioavailability of doxorubicin. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 93: 38-44.
Li, T.S.C., T. Yawata and K. Honke, 2014. Efficient siRNA delivery and tumor accumulation mediated by ionically cross-linked folic acid-poly (ethylene glycol)-chitosan oligosaccharide lactate nanoparticles: For the potential targeted ovarian cancer gene therapy. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 52: 48-61.
Abdelmalek, B.E., A. Sila, A, Haddar, A. Bougatef and M.A. Ayadi, 2017. Î’-Chitin and chitosan from squid gladius: Biological activities of chitosan and its application as clarifying agent for apple juice. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 104: 953-962.
Darmadji, P. and M. Izumimoto, 1994. Effect of chitosan in meat preservation. Meat Sci., 38: 243-254.
Devlieghere, F., A. Vermeulen and J. Debevere, 2004. Chitosan: Antimicrobial activity, interactions with food components and applicability as a coating on fruit and vegetables. Food Microbiol., 21: 703-714.
Lasabuda, R., 2013. Pembangunan wilayah pesisir dan lautan dalam perspektif negara kepulauan Republik Indonesia. J. Ilmiah Platax, 1: 92-101.
Brine, C.J. and P.R. Austin, 1981. Chitin variability with species and method of preparation. Compa. Biochem. Physiol. Part B: Compa. Biochem., 69: 283-286.
El Knidri, H., R. El Khalfaouy, A. Laajeb, A. Addaou and A. Lahsini, 2016. Eco-friendly extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from the shrimp shell waste via microwave irradiation. Process Safety Environ. Prot., 104: 395-405.
AOAC., 2005. Official Method of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical of Chemist. Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Arlington, VA., USA.
Sabnis, S. and L.H. Block, 1997. Improved infrared spectroscopic method for the analysis of degree of N-deacetylation of chitosan. Polym. Bull., 39: 67-71.
Benhabiles, M.S., R. Salah, H. Lounici, N. Drouiche, M.F.A. Goosen and N. Mameri, 2012. Antibacterial activity of chitin, chitosan and its oligomers prepared from shrimp shell waste. Food Hydrocolloids, 29: 48-56.
Hajji, S., I. Younes, O. Ghorbel-Bellaaj, R. Hajji, M. Rinaudo, M. Nasri and K. Jellouli, 2014. Structural differences between chitin and chitosan extracted from three different marine sources. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 65: 298-306.
Di Mario, F., P. Rapana, U. Tomati and E. Galli, 2008. Chitin and chitosan from Basidiomycetes. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 43: 8-12.
Park, S.I., K.S. Marsh and P. Dawson, 2010. Application of chitosan-incorporated LDPE film to sliced fresh red meats for shelf life extension. Meat Sci., 85: 493-499.
Seng, J.M., 1988. Chitine, chitosane et derives: De nouvelles perspectives pour l'industrie. Biofutur, 71: 40-44.
Kumari, S., S.H.K. Annamareddy, S. Abanti and P.K. Rath, 2017. Physicochemical properties and characterization of chitosan synthesized from fish scales, crab and shrimp shells. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 104: 1697-1705.
No, H.K. and S.P. Meyers, 1995. Preparation and characterization of chitin and chitosan-a review. J. Aquat. Food Prod. Technol., 4: 27-52.
Ma, B., A. Qin, X. Li, X. Zhao and C. He, 2014. Structure and properties of chitin whisker reinforced chitosan membranes. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 64: 341-346.
Kaya, M., O. Seyyar, T. Baran and T. Turkes, 2014. Bat guano as new and attractive chitin and chitosan source. Front. Zool., Vol. 11, No. 1.
Paulino, A.T., J.I. Simionato, J.C. Garcia and J. Nozaki, 2006. Characterization of chitosan and chitin produced from silkworm crysalides. Carbohydr. Polym., 64: 98-103.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
