Use of Fiber Cracking Technology to Improve the Nutritive Quality of Corn and Sugarcane By-products for Ruminant Feeds
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2018.568.577Keywords:
Crystallinity index, electron microscopy, fiber cracking, infra red, ureaAbstract
Background and Objective: Both corn and sugarcane by-products have high fiber content but low nutritive quality, which leads to decreased livestock productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the use of fiber cracking technology (FCT) to improve the nutritive quality of corn and sugarcane by-products. Feeds used in this experiment included corn straw, corn husks, corn cobs, sugarcane tops and bagasse. Materials and Methods: The feeds were combined with 5% urea and added to the FCT operated at a temperature of 135°C and a pressure of 2.30 atm for 2.5 h. The treatments tested in this study included the following: T1 (untreated corn straw), T2 (corn straw+FCT+5% urea), T3 (untreated corn husk), T4 (corn husk+FCT+5% urea), T5 (untreated corn cob), T6 (corn cob+FCT+5% urea), T7 (untreated sugarcane top), T8 (sugarcane top+FCT+5% urea), T9 (untreated bagasse) and T10 (bagasse+FCT+5% urea), with each one replicated 4 times. A Van Soest analysis was performed to determine the fiber fraction and in vitro analysis was used to measure the digestibility. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were performed to confirm the decrease in the fiber fraction in the samples. Results: The FCT+5% urea treatment decreased the fiber fraction (NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin) content of corn and sugarcane by-products. Through SEM, XRD and FTIR analysis, it was shown that the FCT+5% urea treatment destroyed the cell wall structure, decreased the cellulose crystallinity index and broke down the fiber fraction bonds. In addition, the treatment generally increased the IVDMD, IVOMD and ruminal ammonia concentration (p<0.05), decreased the propionate proportion (p<0.05) and elevated the methane emission and the ratio of acetate to propionate (p<0.05). However, the treatment did not affect the acetate, butyrate, valerate or total VFA concentrations. Conclusion: The combination of FCT+urea treatment can effectively improve the quality of corn and sugarcane by-products.
References
Chea, B., T. Hout, S. Mob, K. Theng and M. Seng, 2015. Nutrient value and palatability for cattle on corn stover silage. Int. J. Environ. Rural Dev., 6: 103-107.
Umiyasih, U. and E. Wina, 2008. [Processing and nutritional value of corn by-product as ruminant feed]. Wartazoa, 18: 127-136, (In Indonesian).
Hamad, M.R., S.N. Abed-Elazeem, A.M. Aiad, A. Mohamed and A.M. Soliman, 2010. Replacement value of urea treated corn with cobs for concentrate feed mixture in pregnant ewes rations. J. Am. Sci., 6: 166-178.
Ali, H.A.M., O.I. Abubakr and Y.R. Sulieman, 2015. Evaluation and improvement of the nutritive value of sugar cane tops fed as sole diet to goats or supplemented with groundnut cake or sorghum grain. J. Nat. Resour. Environ. Stud., 3: 29-35.
Da Costa, D.A., C.L. de Souza, E.D.O.S. Saliba and J.D.C. Carneiro, 2015. By products of sugar cane industry in ruminant nutrition. Int. J. Adv. Agric. Res., 3: 1-9.
Laconi, E.B. and A. Jayanegara, 2015. Improving nutritional quality of cocoa pod (Theobroma cacao) through chemical and biological treatments for ruminant feeding: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 28: 343-350.
Tsabitah, S., A.A. Omar and L. Ismail, 2014. Chemical pretreatment comparison for oil palm empty fruit bunch: A review. Applied Mech. Mater., 625: 851-855.
Jayanegara, A. and E. Palupi, 2010. Condensed tannin effects on nitrogen digestion in ruminants: A meta-analysis from in vitro and in vivo studies. J. Anim. Sci. Technol., 33: 176-181.
Jayanegara, A., R.S. Ayinda and E.B. Laconi, 2017. Urea treatment of rice straw at elevated temperature and pressure: Effects on fiber content, rumen fermentation and digestibility. J. Indones. Trop. Anim. Agric., 42: 81-87.
Jayanegara, A., N.F. Ardhisty, S.P. Dewi, Antonius and R. Ridwan et al., 2018. Enhancing nutritional quality of oil palm empty fruit bunch by using fiber cracking technology. J. Indones. Trop. Anim. Agric., (In Press).
van Soest, P.J., J.B. Robertson and B.A. Lewis, 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 3583-3597.
Tilley, J.M.A. and R.A. Terry, 1963. A two-stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. Grass Forage Sci., 18: 104-111.
Jayanegara, A., S.P. Dewi, N. Laylli, E.B. Laconi, Nahrowi and M. Ridla, 2016. Determination of cell wall protein from selected feedstuffs and its relationship with ruminal protein digestibility in vitro. Med. Pet., 39: 134-140.
Moss, A.R., J.P. Jouany and J. Newbold, 2000. Methane production by ruminants: Its contribution to global warming. Annales Zootechnie, 49: 231-253.
Jayanegara, A., H.P.S. Makkar and K. Becker, 2015. Addition of purified tannin sources and polyethylene glycol treatment on methane emission and rumen fermentation in vitro. Media Peternakan, 38: 57-63.
Jung, Y.H., I.J. Kim, J.I. Han, I.G. Choi and K.H. Kim, 2011. Aqueous ammonia pretreatment of oil palm empty fruit bunches for ethanol production. Bioresour. Technol., 102: 9806-9809.
El Abed, S., S.K. Ibnsouda, H. Latrache and F. Hamadi, 2012. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Environmental SEM: Suitable Tools for Study of Adhesion Stage and Biofilm Formation. In: Scanning Electron Microscopy, Kazmiruk, V. (Ed.)., InTech, China, pp: 717-730.
Fatah, I.Y.A., H.P.S. Khalil, M.S. Hossain, A.A. Aziz, Y. Davoudpour, R. Dungani and A. Bhat, 2014. Exploration of a chemo-mechanical technique for the isolation of nanofibrillated cellulosic fiber from oil palm empty fruit bunch as a reinforcing agent in composites materials. Polymers, 6: 2611-2624.
Guo, Y. and P. Wu, 2008. Investigation of the hydrogen-bond structure of cellulose diacetate by two-dimensional infrared correlation spectroscopy. Carbohydr. Polym., 74: 509-513.
Adapa, P.K., L.G. Schonenau, T. Canam and T. Dumonceaux, 2011. Quantitative analysis of lignocellulosic components of non-treated and steam exploded barley, canola, oat and wheat straw using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. J. Agric. Sci. Technol., B1: 177-188.
Fan, M., D. Dai and B. Huang, 2012. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Natural Fibres. In: Fourier Transform-Materials Analysis, Salih, S. (Ed.). InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, ISBN: 978-953-51-0594-7, pp: 45-68.
Schwab, C.G. and G.A. Broderick, 2017. A 100-year review: Protein and amino acid nutrition in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 100: 10094-10112.
Appels, L., A. van Assche, K. Willems, J. Degreve, J. van Impe and R. Dewil, 2011. Peracetic acid oxidation as an alternative pre-treatment for the anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge. Bioresour. Technol., 102: 4124-4130.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
