Nutritional and Antioxidant Profiling of Vitamin K Dietary Sources
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2013.996.1002Keywords:
Antioxidant status, nutritional profile, soybean, spinach, vitamin KAbstract
The present investigation was an effort to explore the nutritional profile and antioxidant indices of vitamin K dietary sources i.e., spinach and soybean. For the purpose, spinach and soybean were nutritionally characterized with special reference to vitamin K content. The proximate composition of spinach exhibited that moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash and Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE) as 90.71±4.14, 2.03±0.95, 0.32±0.007, 0.58±0.02, 1.24±0.06 and 5.01±0.11%, respectively. However, tested soybean indicated the values respective traits as 8.96±0.45, 32.28±1.99, 18.64±1.02, 2.93±0.16, 3.38±0.19 and 33.79±1.15%. Furthermore, spinach showed good mineral profile dominated by magnesium, potassium and calcium whilst soybean is abundant in potassium, zinc and magnesium. The HPLC quantification of vitamin K revealed that spinach contained 379.09 μg/100g phylloquinone as compared to soybean 29.79 μg/100g. Amongst antioxidant extracts, methanolic extracts of spinach and soybean showed higher total phenolic, DPPH scavenging and antioxidant activities. In conclusion, spinach showed higher antioxidant status and phylloquinone as compared to soybean however, soybean contained ample amount of protein and fat contents.
References
AACC, 2000. Approved Methods of American Association of Cereal Chemists. The American Association of Cereal Chemists Inc., St. Paul, MN., USA.
Almeida, D., E. Rosa and A.A. Monteiro, 1996. Protein and mineral concentration of Portuguese kale (Brassica oleracea var. Acephala) related to soil composition. Acta. Hortic., 407: 269-276.
AOAC., 2006. Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 18th Edn., Association of Official Analytical Chemists Press, Arlington, VA., USA.
Bangash, J.A., M. Arif, F. Khan, F. Khan, Amin-Ur-Rahman and I. Hussain, 2011. Proximate composition, minerals and vitamins content of selected vegetables grown in Peshawar. J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 33: 118-122.
Bergman, M., L. Varshavsky, H.E. Gottlieb and S. Grossman, 2001. The antioxidant activity of aqueous spinach extract: Chemical identification of active fractions. Phytochemistry, 58: 143-152.
Bolton-Smith, C., R.J. Price, S.T. Fenton, D.J. Harrington and M.J. Shearer, 2000. Compilation of a provisional UK database for the phylloquinone (vitamin K1) content of foods. Br. J. Nutr., 83: 389-399.
Booth, S.L., 2012. Vitamin K: Food composition and dietary intakes. Food Nutr. Res., Vol. 56.
Damon, M., N.Z. Zhang, D.B. Haytowitz and S.L. Booth, 2005. Phylloquinone (vitamin K1) content of vegetables. J. Food Compos. Anal., 18: 751-758.
Esteves, E.A., H.S.D. Martino, F.C.E. Oliveira, J. Bressan and N.M.B. Costa, 2010. Chemical composition of a soybean cultivar lacking lipoxygenases (LOX2 and LOX3). Food Chem., 122: 238-242.
Fan, D., D.M. Hodges, J. Zhang, C.W. Kirby and X. Ji et al., 2011. Commercial extract of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum enhances phenolic antioxidant content of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) which protects Caenorhabditis elegans against oxidative and thermal stress. Food Chem., 124: 195-202.
Hussain, J., N. Rehman, A.L. Khan, M. Hamayun, S.M. Hussain and Z.K. Shinwari, 2010. Proximate and essential nutrients evaluation of selected vegetables species from Kohat region, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 42: 2847-2855.
Iwamoto, J., Y. Sato, T. Takeda and H. Matsumoto, 2009. High-dose vitamin K supplementation reduces fracture incidence in postmenopausal women: A review of the literature. Nutr. Res., 29: 221-228.
Kamao, M., Y. Suhara, N. Tsugawa, M. Uwano and N. Yamaguchi et al., 2007. Vitamin K content of foods and dietary vitamin K intake in Japanese young women. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol., 53: 464-470.
Katsuyama, H., S. Ideguchi, M. Fukunaga, K. Saijoh and S. Sunami, 2002. Usual dietary intake of fermented soybeans (Natto) is associated with bone mineral density in premenopausal women. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol., 48: 207-215.
Koivu, T.J., V.I. Piironen, S.K. Henttonen and P.H. Mattila, 1997. Determination of phylloquinone in vegetables, fruits and berries by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J. Agric. Food Chem., 45: 4644-4649.
Majchrzak, D. and I. Elmadfa, 2001. Phylloquinone (vitamin K1) content of commercially-available baby food products. Food Chem., 74: 275-280.
Malencic, D., M. Popovic and J. Miladinovic, 2007. Phenolic content and antioxidant properties of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seeds. Molecules, 12: 576-581.
McDowell, L.R., 2006. Vitamin nutrition of livestock animals: Overview from vitamin discovery to today. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 86: 171-179.
McKeown, N.M., P.F. Jacques, C.M. Gundberg, J.W. Peterson and K.L. Tucker et al., 2002. Dietary and nondietary determinants of vitamin K biochemical measures in men and women. J. Nutr., 132: 1329-1334.
Muller, L., K. Frohlich and V. Bohm, 2011. Comparative antioxidant activities of carotenoids measured by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), ABTS bleaching assay (alpha TEAC), DPPH assay and peroxyl radical scavenging assay. Food Chem., 129: 139-148.
Okano, T., Y. Shimomura, M. Yamane, Y. Suhara, M. Kamao and M. Sugiura, 2008. Conversion of phylloquinone (Vitamin K1) into menaquinone-4 (Vitamin K2) in mice: Two possible routes for menaquinone-4 accumulation in cerebra of mice. J. Biol. Chem., 283: 11270-11279.
Paucar-Menacho, L.M., J. Amaya-Farfan, M.A. Berhow, J.M.G. Mandarino, E.G. de Mejia and Y.K. Chang, 2010. A high-protein soybean cultivar contains lower isoflavones and saponins but higher minerals and bioactive peptides than a low-protein cultivar. Food Chem., 120: 15-21.
Peterson, J.W., K.L. Muzzey, D. Haytowitz, J. Exler, L. Lemar and S.L. Booth, 2002. Phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and dihydrophylloquinone content of fats and oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 79: 641-646.
Popovic, B., D. Stajner and M. Milosevic, 2010. Antioxidant activity of four different soybean genotypes. Proceedings of the 7th IMT-GT UNINET and The 3rd International PSU-UNS Conferences on Bioscience, Octber 7-8, 2010, Songkla University, Thailand, pp: 75-77.
Ren, S.C., Z.L. Liu and P. Wang, 2012. Proximate composition and flavonoids content and in vitro antioxidant activity of 10 varieties of legume seeds grown in China. J. Med. Plants Res., 6: 301-308.
Schurgers, L.J. and C. Vermeer, 2001. Determination of phylloquinone and menaquinones in food: Effect of food matrix on circulating vitamin K concentrations. Pathophysiol. Haemostasis Thromb., 30: 298-307.
Schurgers, L.J., M.J. Shearer, B.A. Soute, I. Elmadfa and J. Harvey et al., 2002. Novel effects of diets enriched with corn oil or with an olive oil/sunflower oil mixture on vitamin K metabolism and vitamin K-dependent proteins in young men. J. Lipid Res., 43: 878-884.
Newman, P., M.J. Shearer and P. Newman, 2008. Metabolism and cell biology of vitamin K. Thromb. Haemostasis, 100: 530-547.
Shimada, H., R. Ohno, M. Shibata, I. Ikegami, K. Onai, M.A. Ohto and K.I. Takamiya, 2005. Inactivation and deficiency of core proteins of photosystems I and II caused by genetical phylloquinone and plastoquinone deficiency but retained lamellar structure in a T‐DNA mutant of Arabidopsis. Plant J., 41: 627-637.
Singh, G., A. Kawatra and S. Sehgal, 2001. Nutritional composition of selected green leafy vegetables, herbs and carrots. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr., 56: 359-364.
Singleton, V.L., R. Orthofer and R.M. Lamuela-Raventós, 1999. Analysis of Total Phenols and other Oxidation Substrates and Antioxidants by Means of Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent. In: Methods in Enzymology, Packer, L. (Ed.), Academic Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, ISBN: 9780121822002, pp: 152-178.
Slavin, M., W. Kenworthy and L. Yu, 2009. Antioxidant properties, phytochemical composition and antiproliferative activity of Maryland-grown soybeans with colored seed coats. J. Agric. Food Chem., 57: 11174-11185.
Taga, M.S., E.E. Miller and D.E. Pratt, 1984. Chia seeds as a source of natural lipid antioxidants. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 61: 928-931.
Takahashi, Y., H. Zhu and T. Yoshimoto, 2005. Essential roles of lipoxygenases in LDL oxidation and development of atherosclerosis. Antioxidants Redox Signaling, 7: 425-431.
Takahata, Y., M. Ohnishi-Kameyama, S. Furuta, M. Takahashi and I. Suda, 2001. Highly polymerized procyanidins in brown soybean seed coat with a high radical-scavenging activity. Agric. Food Chem., 49: 5843-5847.
Truong, J.T. and S.L. Booth, 2011. Emerging issues in vitamin K research. J. Evidence-Based Complement. Altern. Med., 16: 73-79.
Turkmen, N., F. Sari and Y.S. Velioglu, 2005. The effect of cooking methods on total phenolics and antioxidant activity of selected green vegetables. Food Chem., 93: 713-718.
USDA and ARS, 2010. USDA national nutrient database for standard refernce. Release 25, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.
Wei, Q. and S.K. Chang, 2004. Characteristics of fermented natto products as affected by soybean cultivars. J. Food Process. Preserv., 28: 251-273.
Willershausen, B., A. Ross, M. Forsch, I. Willershausen, P. Mohaupt and A. Callaway, 2011. The influence of micronutrients on oral and general health. Eur. J. Med. Res., 16: 514-518.
Wu, C.H. and C.C. Chou, 2009. Enhancement of aglycone, vitamin K2 and superoxide dismutase activity of black soybean through fermentation with Bacillus subtilis BCRC 14715 at different temperatures. J. Agric. Food Chem., 57: 10695-10700.
Yasin, M., A. Asghar, F.M. Anjum, M.S. Butt and M.I. Khan et al., 2012. Oxidative stability enhancement of broiler bird meats with α-lipoic acid and α-tocopherol acetate supplemented feed. Food Chem., 131: 768-773.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2013 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
