Supplementation of Direct Fed Microbial (DFM) on in vitro Fermentability and Degradability of Ammoniated Palm Frond
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2016.89.94Keywords:
A. oryzae, ammoniated palm frond, degradability, fermentability, ruminant feed, S. cerevisiaeAbstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of Direct Fed Microbial (DFM) supplementation on in vitro fermentability and degradability of ammoniated palm frond. DFM’s used were Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC), Aspergillus oryzae (AO) and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA). Palm frond previously treated with 6% urea. The treatments were of, P0 = ammoniated oil palm frond, P1 = P0+SC (1% DM), P2 = P0+AO (1% DM), P3 = P0+BA (1% DM), P4 = P0+SC+AO (1% DM), P5 = P0+SC+BA (1% DM), P6 = P0+AO+BA (1% DM), P7 = P0+SC+AO+BA (1% DM). Variables measured were Dry matter (DM) and Organic matter (OM) in vitro digestibility, concentration of Ammonia (NH3), Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) and fluid ruminal pH values as fermentability indicators. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and difference among means were tested using LSD. The results showed that the supplementation of DFM were significantly (p<0.05) increased on digestibility of DM, OM, concentration of NH3-N and VFA. The treatment had no significant effect (p>0.05) on fluid ruminal pH values. Digestibility of DM and OM increased from 47.5% (without DFM) to 51.55% (with DFM), 48.89 to 52.41%. The concentration of NH3-N and VFA increased from 12.28 to 14.28 mM and 108.35 to 125.90 mM, respectively. The rumen pH with supplementation of DFM is relatively more stable. The results showed that SC was suitable to be used single or in combination with AO or BA, but the combination of SC+BA (P5) give the best results on digestibility of DM, OM, concentration of NH3-N and VFA.
References
Anonymous, 1984. Offical Methods of Analysis. 14th Edn., Association of Official Anolytical Chemists, Washington, DC., USA.
Beharka, A.A., T.G. Nagaraja and J.L. Morrill, 1991. Performance and ruminal function development of young calves fed diets with Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 4326-4336.
Chaucheyras-Durand, F., N.D. Walker and A. Bach, 2008. Effects of active dry yeasts on the rumen microbial ecosystem: Past, present and future. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 145: 5-26.
Church, D.C., 1988. The Ruminant Animal Digestive Physiology and Nutrition. 2nd Edn., O and B Books, Inc., New York, USA.
Conway, E.J. and E. O'Malley, 1942. Microdiffusion methods. Ammonia and urea using buffered absorbents (revised methods for ranges greater than 10μg. N). Biochem. J., 36: 655-666.
Davies, H.L., 1982. Nutrition and Growth Manual. Australian Universities International Development Program, Melbourne, Australia.
Dawson, K.A., 1990. Designing the Yeast Culture of Tomorrow-Mode of Action of Yeast Culture for Ruminants and Non-Ruminants. In: Biotechnology in the Feed Industry, Lyons, T.P. (Ed.). Alltech Tech. Publ., Nicholasville KY., pp: 59-78.
Desnoyers, M., S. Giger-Reverdin, G. Bertin, C. Duvaux-Ponter and D. Sauvant, 2009. Meta-analysis of the influence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on ruminal parameters and milk production of ruminants. J. Dairy Sci., 92: 1620-1632.
Fallon, R.J. and F.J. Harte, 1987. The effect of yeast culture inclusion in the concentrate diet on calf performance. J. Dairy Sci., 70: 119-119.
Haddad, S.G. and S.N. Goussous, 2005. Effect of yeast culture supplementation on nutrient intake, digestibility and growth performance of Awassi lambs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 118: 343-348.
Herawaty, R., N. Jamarun, M. Zain, Arnim and R.W.S. Ningrat, 2013. Effect of supplementation Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Leucaena leucocephala on low quality roughage feed in beef cattle diet. Pak. J. Nutr., 12: 182-184.
Kamel, H.E.M., J. Sekine, A.M. El-Waziry and M.H.M. Yacout, 2004. Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the synchronization of organic matter and nitrogen degradation kinetics and microbial nitrogen synthesis in sheep fed Berseem hay (Trifolium alexandrinum). Small Rumin. Res., 52: 211-216.
Latif, M.R., S.M. Zahran, M.H. Ahmed, H.S. Zeweil and S.M.A. Sallam, 2014. Effect of feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus oryzae on nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation characteristics of sheep. J. Agric. Res., 59: 121-127.
Leng, R.A., 1991. Application of biotechnology of nutrition in developing countries of animal. Animal Production and Health Paper, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
McDonald, P., R.A. Edwards, J.F.D. Greenhalgh and C.A. Morgan, 2002. Animal Nutrition. 6th Edn., Ashford Colour Press Ltd., Gosport, pp: 515-535.
Mutsvangwa, T., I.E. Edwards, J.H. Topps and G.F.M. Paterson, 1992. The effect of dietary inclusion of yeast culture (Yea-Sacc) on patterns of rumen fermentation, food intake and growth of intensively fed bulls. Anim. Prod., 55: 35-40.
Nocek, J.E., W.P. Kautz, J.A.Z. Leedle and E. Block, 2003. Direct-fed microbial supplementation on the performance of dairy cattle during the transition period. J. Dairy Sci., 86: 331-335.
Nocek, J.E. and W.P. Kautz, 2006. Direct-fed microbial supplementation on ruminal digestion, health, and performance of pre-and postpartum dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 89: 260-266.
Offer, N.W., 1990. Maximising Fiber Digestion in the Rumen: The Role of Yeast Culture. In: Biotechnology in the Feed Industry, Lyons, T.P. (Ed.). Alltech Technical Publications, Nicholasville, Kentucky, pp: 79-76.
Preston, T.R. and R.A. Leng, 1987. Matching Ruminant Production Systems with Available Resources in the Tropica and Sub-Tropics. 1st Edn., Penambul Books, Armidale, Australia, Pages: 245.
Qiao, G.H., A.S. Shan, N. Ma, Q.Q. Ma and Z.W. Sun, 2010. Effect of supplemental Bacillus cultures on rumen fermentation and milk yield in Chinese holstein cows. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 94: 429-436.
Rojo, R., G.D. Mendoza, S.S. Gonzalez, L. Landois, R. Barcena and M.M. Crosby, 2005. Effects of exogenous amylases from Bacillus licheniformis and Aspergillus niger on ruminal starch digestion and lamb performance. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 123-124: 655-665.
Said, 1996. Handling and utilization of oil palm waste. Poster Agriwidya, Ungaran, Indonesia.
Satter, L.D. and L.L. Slyter, 1974. Effect of ammonia concentration on rumen microbial protein production in vitro. Br. J. Nutr., 32: 199-208.
Shin, T., S. Hyung, K. Kyun and A. Choong, 1989. Effects of CYC on the Performance of Dairy. Beef Cattle and Swine, Seoul, Korea.
Tilley, J.M.A. and R.A. Terry, 1963. A two-stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. Grass Forage Sci., 18: 104-111.
Wiedmeier, R.D., M.J. Arambel and J.L. Walters, 1987. Effect of yeast culture and Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract on ruminal characteristics and nutrient digestibility. J. Dairy Sci., 70: 2063-2068.
Wizna, H.A., Y. Rizal, A. Dharma and I.P. Kompiang, 2007. Selection and identification of cellulase-producing bacteria isolated from the litter of mountain and swampy forest. Microbiol. Indonesia, 1: 135-139.
Zain, M., T. Sutardi, Suryahadi and N. Ramli, 2008. Effect of defaunation and supplementation methionine hydroxy analogue and branched chain amino acid in growing sheep diet based on palm press fiber ammoniated. Pak. J. Nutr., 7: 813-816.
Zain, M., N. Jamarun, A. Arnim, R.W.S. Ningrat and R. Herawati, 2011. Effect of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on fermentability, microbial population and digestibility of low quality roughage in vitro. Arch. Zootech., 14: 51-58.
Zain, M., J. Rahman and Khasrad, 2014. Effect of palm oil by products on in vitro fermentation and nutrient digestibility. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol., 14: 175-181.
Zain, M., J. Rahman, Khasrad and Erpomen, 2015. In vitro fermentation characteristics of palm oil byproducts which is supplemented with growth factor rumen microbes. Pak. J. Nutr., 14: 625-628.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2016 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
