Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Chitosan on Blood Biochemical Profile of Laying Hens
Authors
- Elvia Hernawan Department of Animal Husbandry, University Padjadjaran, West Java, Indonesia
-
Lovita Adriani
Department of Animal Husbandry, University Padjadjaran, West Java, Indonesia
- Andi Mushawwir Department of Animal Husbandry, University Padjadjaran, West Java, Indonesia
- Chandrawati Cahyani Department of Chemical Engineering, Brawijaya University, Malang East Java, Indonesia
- Darmawan National Nuclear Energy Agency, Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2017.696.699Keywords:
Chitosan, cholesterol, creatinine, laying hens, malondialdehydeAbstract
Background and Objective: Chitosan is a natural alkaline polysaccharide and widespread in nature. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of chitosan on blood biochemical parameters like cholesterol, malondialdehyde (MDA), creatinine and total leucocytes. Methodology: One hundred laying phase hens, aged 28 weeks were used in the study. The birds were divided into 2 treatment groups each having 3 replicates of 10 birds each. Group I served as control and was fed basal diet. In Group II, basal diet was supplemented with chitosan at 150 ppm g–1 by spraying method. Results: The results showed that the chitosan inclusion in the diet of layer pullets significantly (p<0.05) lowered the total cholesterol (36.749±0.381 mg dL–1) when compared to the control group (43.030±0.352 mg dL–1). The dietary incorporation of chitosan significantly (p<0.05) decreased blood MDA levels (1.829±0.237 nmoles mL–1) of laying hens compared to control (2.553±0.379 nmoles mL–1). The creatinine levels also decreased significantly (p<0.05) in birds fed diet supplemented with chitosan, however, there was no effect on the total leucocyte count. Conclusion: The incorporation of chitosan in the diet had positive effect in terms of reducing the blood cholesterol and malondialdehyde levels of laying hens.
References
Crini, G., 2005. Recent developments in polysaccharide-based materials used as adsorbents in wastewater treatment. Prog. Polym. Sci., 30: 38-70.
Huang, R.L., Y.L. Yin, G.Y. Wu, Y.G. Zhang and T.J. Li et al., 2005. Effect of dietary oligochitosan supplementation on ileal digestibility of nutrients and performance in broilers. Poult. Sci., 84: 1383-1388.
Li, H.Y., S.M. Yan, B.L. Shi and X.Y. Guo, 2009. Effect of chitosan on nitric oxide content and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in serum and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA in small intestine of broiler chickens. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 22: 1048-1053.
Knaul, J.Z., S.M. Hudson and K.A.M. Creber, 1999. Crosslinking of chitosan fibers with dialdehydes: Proposal of a new reaction mechanism. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys., 37: 1079-1094.
Wang, S.Q. and C.S. Zhang, 2004. Chitin, chitosan and their application in aquaculture. Feed Res., 5: 25-28.
Xu, C.L. and Y.Z. Wang, 2005. Application of chitin in aquiculture. China Feed, 7: 30-32.
Shahidi, F., J.K.V. Arachchi and Y.J. Jeon, 1999. Food applications of chitin and chitosans-A review. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 10: 37-51.
Hirano, S., C. Itakura, H. Seino, Y. Akiyama, I. Nonata, N. Kanbara and T. Kawahami, 1990. Chitosan as an ingredient for domestic animal feeds. J. Agric. Food Chem., 38: 1214-1217.
Okamoto, Y., M. Nose, K. Miyatake, J. Sekine, R. Oura, Y. Shigemasa and S. Minami, 2001. Physical changes of chitin and chitosan in canine gastrointestinal tract. Carbohydr. Polym., 44: 211-215.
Singla, A.K. and M. Chawla, 2001. Chitosan: Some pharmaceutical and biological aspects-an update. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 53: 1047-1067.
Zheng, L.Y. and J.F. Zhu, 2003. Study on antimicrobial activity of chitosan with different molecular weights. Carbohydr. Polym., 54: 527-530.
Holappa, J., M. Hjalmarsdottir, M. Masson, O. Runarsson and T. Asplund et al., 2006. Antimicrobial activity of chitosan N-betainates. Carbohydr. Polym., 65: 114-118.
Yoon, H.J., M.E. Moon, H.S. Park, S.Y. Im and Y.H. Kim, 2007. Chitosan Oligosaccharide (COS) inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory effects in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 358: 954-959.
Ma, P., H.T. Liu, P. Wei, Q.S. Xu, X.F. Bai, Y.G. Du and C. Yu, 2011. Chitosan oligosaccharides inhibit LPS-induced over-expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in RAW264.7 macrophage cells through blockade of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Carbohydr. Polym., 84: 1391-1398.
Kim, K.W. and R.L. Thomas, 2007. Antioxidative activity of chitosans with varying molecular weights. Food Chem., 101: 308-313.
Yen, M.T., J.H. Yang and J.L. Mau, 2008. Antioxidant properties of chitosan from crab shells. Carbohydr. Polym., 74: 840-844.
Nishimura, K., S.I. Nishimura, N. Nishi, F. Numata, Y. Tone, S. Tokura and I. Azuma, 1985. Adjuvant activity of chitin derivatives in mice and guinea-pigs. Vaccine, 3: 379-384.
Zaharoff, D.A., C.J. Rogers, K.W. Hance, J. Schlom and J.W. Greiner, 2007. Chitosan solution enhances both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to subcutaneous vaccination. Vaccine, 25: 2085-2094.
Ormrod, D.J., C.C. Holmes and T.E. Miller, 1998. Dietary chitosan inhibits hypercholesterolaemia and atherogenesis in the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse model of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 138: 329-334.
Liu, J., J. Zhang and W.S. Xia, 2008. Hypocholesterolaemic effects of different chitosan samples in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem., 107: 419-425.
Wald, N.J. and M.R. Law, 1995. Serum cholesterol and ischaemic heart disease. Atherosclerosis, 118: S1-S5.
Krieger, M., 1998. The best of cholesterols, the worst of cholesterols: A tale of two receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 95: 4077-4080.
Abeywardena, M.Y., 2003. Dietary fats, carbohydrates and vascular disease: Sri Lankan perspectives. Atherosclerosis, 171: 157-161.
Puvaca, N., L. Kostadinovic, S. Popovic, J. Levic and D. Ljubojevic et al., 2016. Proximate composition, cholesterol concentration and lipid oxidation of meat from chickens fed dietary spice addition (Allium sativum, Piper nigrum, Capsicum annuum). Anim. Prod. Sci., 56: 1920-1927.
Wang, H.F., X.H. Zhong, W.Y. Shi and B. Guo, 2011. Study of malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in chickens infected with avian infectious bronchitis virus. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 10: 9213-9217.
Szabo, A., M. Mezes, P. Horn, Z. Suto, G.Y. Bazar and R. Romvari, 2005. Developmental dynamics of some blood biochemical parameters in the growing turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Acta Vet. Hung., 53: 397-409.
Richmond, W., 1973. Preparation and properties of a cholesterol oxidase from Nocardia sp. and its application to the enzymatic assay of total cholesterol in serum. Clin. Chem., 19: 1350-1356.
Zainuri, M. and S.I. Wanandi, 2012. [Spesific activity of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase in the rat liver induced systemic hypoxia: Relationship with oxidative damage]. Media Litbang Kesehatan, 22: 87-92, (In Indonesian).
Underwood, J.C.E., 1997. General and Systematic Pathology. Publishers Books Medicine EGC., Jakarta, Indonesia.
Steel, R.G.D. and J.H. Torrie, 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometral Approach. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
Duncan, D.B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42.
Schaefer, E.J., A.H. Lichtenstein, S. Lamon-Fava, J.R. McNamara and J.M. Ordovas, 1995. Lipoproteins, nutrition, aging and atherosclerosis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 61: 726S-740S.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
