Effect of Crispy Arrowroot Flake on Waist Circumference, Fasting Glucose and Free Fatty Acid in Type 2 Diabetes Patients
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2014.415.421Keywords:
Crispy arrowroot flake, free fatty acids, type 2 diabetes, waist circumferenceAbstract
In type 2 diabetes mellitus, waist circumference was associated with increase of plasma free fatty acid and improvement in insulin resistance. Crispy arrowroot flake contain high fiber content and has a low glycemic index value which is expected to lower waist circumference through lipolysis. This study was conducted to determine the effect of the crispy arrowroot flake on waist circumference and plasma free fatty acid in type 2 diabetes mellitus. A quasi-experimental study was conducted on 30 type 2 diabetic patients who regularly visited endocrine clinic of RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta. The criteria’s participants are age 35-60 years, fasting blood glucose > 126 mg / dL and they aren’t smoking, pregnant, lactating and hypertension. The 7 grams of flake was given 3 times per day for 8 weeks. Waist circumference and blood free fatty acid were measured before and after 8 weeks intervention. Consuming of the flake can reduce waist circumference and increase free fatty acid. Waist circumference was lower in men (86.35±6.78 vs 85.30±6.38, p = 0.453) than in women (84.74±8.92 vs 83.76±7.81, p = 0.176). Free fatty acid was found increase in men (0.29±0.512 vs 0.633±0.26, p = 0.231), whereas no change was observed in women (0.837±0.26 vs 0.834±0.32, p = 0.962). Consumption of the crispy arrowroot flake can reduce waist circumference that is more amount in men than in women type 2 diabetes. Increased of free fatty acid only found in men.
References
Ali, A.T. and N.J. Crowther, 2005. Body fat distribution and insulin resistance. South Afr. Med. J., 95: 878-880.
American Diabetes Association, 2005. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 28: S37-S42.
Goedecke , J.H., N.S. Levitt, J. Evans, N. Ellman and D.J. Hume et al., 2013. The role of adipose tissue in insulin resistance in women of African ancestry. J. Obes.
Barker, D.J.P., C.N. Hales, C.H. Fall, C. Osmond, K. Phipps and P.M.S. Clark, 1993. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): Relation to reduced fetal growth. Diabetologia, 36: 62-67.
Blaak, E., 2001. Gender differences in fat metabolism. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, 4: 499-502.
Bonora, E., S. Kiechl, J. Willeit, F. Oberhollenzer and G. Egger et al., 1998. Prevalence of insulin resistance in metabolic disorders: The bruneck study. Diabetes, 47: 1643-1649.
Brenner, D.R., K. Tepylo, K.M. Eny, L.E. Cahill and E.A. Sohemy, 2010. Comparison of body mass index and waist circumference as predictors of cardiometabolic health in a population of young Canadian adults. Diabetol. Metab. Syndrome.
Brooking, L.A., S.M. Williams and J.I. Mann, 2012. Effects of macronutrient composition of the diet on body fat in indigenous people at high risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 96: 40-46.
Chakrabarti, P. and K.V. Kandror, 2011. Adipose triglyceride lipase: A new target in the regulation of lipolysis by insulin. Curr. Diabetes Rev., 7: 270-277.
Chandalia, M., A. Garg, D. Lutjohann, K. von Bergmann, S.M. Grundy and L.J. Brinkley, 2000. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med., 342: 1392-1398.
Despres, J.P., I. Lemieux, J. Bergeron, P. Pibarot and P. Mathieu et al., 2008. Abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome: Contribution to global cardiometabolic risk. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 28: 1039-1049.
Donohoe, C.L., S.L. Doyle and J.V. Reynolds, 2011. Visceral adiposity, insulin resistance and cancer risk. Diabetol. Metab. Syndrome Vol. 3.
Du, H., A.D.L. van Der, M.M. van Bakel, N. Slimani and N.G. Forouhi et al., 2010. Dietary glycaemic index, glycaemic load and subsequent changes of weight and waist circumference in European men and women. Int. J. Obes., 33: 1280-1288.
Du, H.W., J.Y. Li and Y. He, 2011. Glycemic and blood pressure control in older patients with hypertension and diabetes: Association with carotid atherosclerosis. J. Geriatr. Cardiol., 8: 24-30.
Evans, E.M., M.C. Mojtahedi, M.P. Thorpe, R.J. Valentine, P.M. Kris-Etherton and D.K. Layman, 2012. Effects of protein intake and gender on body composition changes: A randomized clinical weight loss trial. Nutr. Metab., Vol. 9.
Fox, C.S., J.M. Massaro, U. Hoffmann, K.M. Pou and P. Maurovich-Horvat et al., 2007. Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments: Association with metabolic risk factors in the framingham heart study. Circulation, 116: 39-48.
Frayn, K.N., 2000. Visceral fat and insulin resistance: Causative or correlative? Br. J. Nutr., 83: S71-S77.
Fujioka, K., 2010. Benefits of moderate weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes. Metab., 12: 186-194.
Garg, A., 2004. Regional adiposity and insulin resistance. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 89: 4206-4210.
Gautier, A., R. Roussel, P.H. Ducluzeau, C. Lange, S. Vol, B. Balkau and F. Bonnet, 2010. Increases in waist circumference and weight as predictors of type 2 diabetes in individuals with impaired fasting glucose: Influence of baseline BMI. Diabetes Care, 33: 1850-1852.
Gill, J.M.R., R. Bhopal, A. Douglas, S. Wallia and R. Bhopal et al, 2011. Sitting time and waist circumference are associated with glycemia in U.K. South Asians. Diabetes Care, 34: 1214-1218.
Hennes, M.M.I., I.M. O'Shaughnessy, T.M. Kelly, P. LaBelle, B.M. Egan and A.H. Kissebah, 1996. Insulin-resistant lipolysis in abdominally obese hypertensive individuals: Role of the renin-angiotensin system. Hypertension, 28: 120-126.
Isaksson, H., H. Fredriksson, R. Andersson, J. Olsson and P. Aman, 2009. Effect of rye bread breakfasts on subjective hunger and satiety: A randomized controlled trial. Nutr. J., Vol. 8.
Janssen, I., A. Fortier, R. Hudson and R. Ross, 2002. Effects of an energy-restrictive diet with or without exercise on abdominal fat, intermuscular fat and metabolic risk factors in obese women. Diabetes Care, 25: 431-438.
Kaczmarczyk, M.M., M.J. Miller and G.G. Freund, 2012. The health benefits of dietary fiber: Beyond the usual suspects of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and colon cancer. Metabolism, 61: 1058-1066.
Karastergiou, K., S.R. Smith, A.S. Greenberg and S.K. Fried, 2012. Sex differences in human adipose tissues-the biology of pear shape. Biol. Sex Differ., Vol. 3.
Kershaw, E.E., J.K. Hamm, L.A.W. Verhagen, O. Peroni, M. Katic and J.S. Flier, 2006. Adipose triglyceride lipase: Function, regulation by insulin and comparison with adiponutrin. Diabetes, 55: 148-157.
Kirpitch, A.R. and M.D. Maryniuk, 2011. The 3 R's of glycemic index: Recommendations, research and the real world. Clin. Diabetes, 29: 155-159.
Klein, S., D.B. Allison, S.B. Heymsfield, D.E. Kelley, R.L. Leibel, C. Nonas and R. Kahn, 2007. Waist circumference and cardiometabolic risk: A consensus statement from shaping America's health: Association for Weight Management and Obesity Prevention; NAASO, The Obesity Society; the American Society for Nutrition and the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, 30: 1647-1652.
Krentz, A.J., 2003. Lipoprotein abnormalities and their consequences for patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes. Metab., 5: S19-S27.
Kumar, A., P. Tewari, S.S. Sahoo and A.K. Srivastava, 2005. Prevalence of insulin resistance in first degree relatives of type-2 diabetes mellitus patients: A prospective study in north Indian population. Ind. J. Clin. Biochem., 20: 10-17.
Lebovitz, H.E. and M.A. Banerji, 2005. Point: Visceral adiposity is causally related to insulin resistance. Diabetes Care, 28: 2322-2325.
Lim, E.L., K.G. Hollingsworth, F.E. Smith, P.E. Thelwall and R. Taylor, 2011. Inhibition of lipolysis in Type 2 diabetes normalizes glucose disposal without change in muscle glycogen synthesis rates. Clin. Sci., 121: 169-177.
Mauriege, P., P. Imbeault, D. Langin, M. Lacaille, N. Almeras, A. Tremblay and J.P. Despres, 1999. Regional and gender variations in adipose tissue lipolysis in response to weight loss. J. Lipid Res., 40: 1559-1571.
McQuaid, S.E., L. Hodson, M.J. Neville, A.L. Dennis and J. Cheeseman et al., 2011. Downregulation of adipose tissue fatty acid trafficking in obesity: A driver for ectopic fat deposition? Diabetes, 60: 47-55.
Mittendorfer, B., F. Magkos, E. Fabbrini, B.S. Mohammed and S. Klein, 2009. Relationship between body fat mass and free fatty acid kinetics in men and women. Obesity, 17: 1872-1877.
Miyatake, N., S. Matsumoto, M. Fujii and T. Numata, 2007. Reducing waist circumference by at least 3 cm is recommended for improving metabolic syndrome in obese Japanese men. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 79: 191-195.
Miyatake, N., S. Matsumoto, M. Miyachi, M. Fujii and T. Numata, 2007. Relationship between changes in body weight and waist circumference in Japanese. Environ. Health Prev. Med., 12: 220-223.
Mozaffarian, D., T. Hao, E.B. Rimm, W.C. Willett and F.B. Hu, 2011. Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N. Engl. J. Med., 364: 2392-2404.
Mullugeta, Y., R. Chawla, T. Kebede and Y. Worku, 2012. Dyslipidemia associated with poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus and the protective effect of metformin supplementation. Indian J. Clin. Biochem., 27: 363-369.
Nedungadi, T.P. and D.J. Clegg, 2009. Sexual dimorphism in body fat distribution and risk for cardiovascular diseases. J. Cardiovasc. Trans. Res., 2: 321-327.
Nestel, P.J. and H.M. Whyte, 1968. Plasma free fatty acid and triglyceride turnover in obesity. Metabolism, 17: 1122-1128.
Nesto, R.W., 2005. Obesity: A major component of the metabolic syndrome. Texas Heart Inst. J., 32: 387-389.
Opperman, A.M., C.S. Venter, W. Oosthuizen, R.L. Thompson and H.H. Vorster, 2004. Meta-analysis of the health effects of using the glycaemic index in meal-planning. Br. J. Nutr., 92: 367-381.
Patel, P. and N. Abate, 2013. Body fat distribution and insulin resistance. Nutrients, 5: 2019-2027.
Preis, S.R., J.M. Massaro, S.J. Robins, U. Hoffmann and R.S. Vasan et al., 2010. Abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue and insulin resistance in the Framingham heart study. Obesity, 18: 2191-2198.
Radulian, G., E. Rusu, A. Dragomir and M. Posea, 2009. Metabolic effects of low glycaemic index diets. Nutr. J., Vol. 8.
Reaven, G., 2005. Insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease: The end of the beginning. Circulation, 112: 3030-3032.
Romaguera, D., L. Angquist, H. Du, M.U. Jakobsen and N.G. Forouhi et al., 2011. Food composition of the diet in relation to changes in waist circumference adjusted for body mass index. PLoS One, Vol. 6.
Sandeep, S., K. Gokulakrishnan, K. Velmurugan, M. Deepa and V. Mohan, 2010. Visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat in relation to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in non-diabetic south Indians. Indian J. Med. Res., 131: 629-635.
Santosa, S., D.D. Hensrud, S.B. Votruba and M.D. Jensen, 2008. The influence of sex and obesity phenotype on meal fatty acid metabolism before and after weight loss. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 88: 1134-1141.
Schoenborn, V., I.M. Heid, C. Vollmert, A. Lingenhel and T.D. Adams et al., 2006. The ATGL gene is associated with free fatty acids, triglycerides and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 55: 1270-1275.
Look Ahead Research Group, 2010. Long-term effects of a lifestyle intervention on weight and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Four-year results of the look ahead trial. Arch. Int. Med., 170: 1566-1575.
Veilleux, A. and A. Tchernof, 2012. Sex Differences in Body Fat Distribution. In: Adipose Tissue Biology, Symonds, M.E. (Ed.). Springer, New York, USA.
Vella, C.A. and L. Kravitz, 2002. Gender differences in fat metabolism. Idea Health Fitness Sour, 20: 36-46.
Volek, J.S., M.J. Sharman, A.L. Gomez, D.A. Judelson and M.R. Rubin et al., 2004. Comparison of energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women. Nutr. Metab., Vol. 1.
Wahrenberg, H., K. Hertel, B.M. Leijonhufvud, L.G. Persson, E. Toft and P. Arner, 2005. Use of waist circumference to predict insulin resistance: Retrospective study. Br. Med. J., 30: 1363-1364.
Wajchenberg, B.L., 2000. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: Their relation to the metabolic syndrome. Endocrine Rev., 21: 697-714.
Weyers, A.M., S.A. Mazzetti, D.M. Love, A.L. Gomez, W.J. Kraemer and J.S. Volek, 2002. Comparison of methods for assessing body composition changes during weight loss. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 34: 497-502.
Williamson, D.F., T.J. Thompson, M. Thun, D. Flanders, E. Pamuk and T. Byers, 2000. Intentional weight loss and mortality among overweight individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 23: 1499-1504.
Wing, R.R., W. Lang, T.A. Wadden, M. Safford and W.C. Knowler et al., 2011. Benefits of modest weight loss in improving cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 34: 1481-1486.
WHO., 1999. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: Report of WHO consultation. World Health Organization (WHO), Department of Noncomunicable Disease Surveillance, Geneva.
Wu, B.N. and A.J. O'Sullivan, 2011. Sex differences in energy metabolism need to be considered with lifestyle modifications in humans. J. Nutr. Metab.
Zadeh-Vakili, A., F.R. Tehrani and F. Hosseinpanah, 2011. Waist circumference and insulin resistance: A community based cross sectional study on reproductive aged Iranian women. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr., Vol. 3.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2014 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
