Effect of Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Hypochlorite on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Jack Bean Skin (Canavalia ensiformis)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2019.193.200Keywords:
Cellulose, jack bean, oxidative bleaching, sodium hydroxide, sodium hypochloriteAbstract
Background and Objective: Jack beans are one of the most underutilized legumes in Indonesia and they are rich in protein. In Indonesia, several traditional products have been developed using jack beans as the raw material but the skin is not used, even though it contains dietary fiber, e.g., cellulose, that can be beneficial to human health. The valorization concept is a trending topic that uses byproducts, such as jack bean skin, to increase the value of the raw material. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of the concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on several physicochemical characterizations of cellulose from jack bean skin. Materials and Methods: Cellulose isolation was carried out by delignification using NaOH at several concentrations (4, 6, 8, 10 and 20% NaOH), oxidation bleaching using NaOCl at different concentrations (0, 3 and 6% NaOCl) and reduction bleaching using 3% sodium bisulfite. The isolated cellulose from jack bean skins was analyzed and its physicochemical characteristics, e.g., yield, cellulose content, color (lightness), water holding capacity and oil holding capacity, were examined. Then, jack bean skin cellulose was analyzed to determine its functional groups using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Results: The highest yield of cellulose (46.40%) was obtained by using 4% NaOH. The highest cellulose content [76.79% (%db)] was obtained by using 10% NaOH. Increasing the NaOCl concentration helped lighten the cellulose color. Conclusion: The optimal sample treatment consisted of a combination of 10% NaOH and 3% NaOCl to produce a high cellulose content, light cellulose color and FT-IR peaks similar to commercial cellulose.
References
Murdiati, A., S. Anggrahini and A. Alim, 2015. Peningkatan kandungan protein mie basah dari tapioka dengan substitusi tepung koro pedang putih (Canavalia ensiformis L.). Agritech, 35: 251-260.
Ribeiro, T.C., J.P. Abreu, M.C.J. Freitas, M. Pumar and A.J. Teodoro, 2015. Substitution of wheat flour with cauliflower flour in bakery products: Effects on chemical, physical, antioxidant properties and sensory analyses. Int. Food Res. J., 22: 532-538.
Pushpamalar, V., S.J. Langford, M. Ahmad and Y.Y. Lim, 2006. Optimization of reaction conditions for preparing carboxymethyl cellulose from sago waste. Carbohydr. Polym., 64: 312-318.
Hutomo, G.S., D.W. Marseno, S. Anggrahini and S. Supriyanto, 2012. Ekstraksi selulosa dari pod husk kakao menggunakan sodium hidroksida. Agritech, 32: 223-229.
Browning, B.L., 1967. Methods of Wood Chemistry. Vol. II. Interscience Publisher, New York.
Chau, C.F., P.C.K. Cheung and Y.S. Wong, 1997. Functional properties of protein concentrates from three Chinese indigenous legume seeds. J. Agric. Food Chem., 45: 2500-2503.
Cao, Y. and H. Tan, 2004. Structural characterization of cellulose with enzymatic treatment. J. Mol. Struct., 705: 189-193.
Sari, I.P. and U. Maimunah, 2003. Uji Efek Hipoglikemik Infus Kulit Kacang Tanah (Arachis hypogeal L.) Pada Tikus Putih Jantan (Wistar) Yang Dibebani Glukosa. Lembaga Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat. Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta.
Wertz, J.L., O. Bedue and J.P. Mercier, 2010. Cellulose Science and Technology. EPFL Press, Swiss.
Ketut, S., P. Caecilia and K. Novel, 2013. Pemisahan alpha-selulosa dari limbah batang ubi kayu menggunakan larutan natrium hidroksida. J. Teknik Kimia, 7: 43-47.
Gibbons, J.H., 1989. Technologies for Reducing Dioxin in the Manufacture of Bleached Wood Pulp: Background Paper. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., USA.
Wildman, R.E.C. and D.M. Medeiros, 2000. Advance Human Nutrition. CRC Press, Washington DC.
Sun, Y., L. Lin, H.B. Deng, J.Z. Li, B.H. He, R.C. Sun and P.K. Ouyan, 2008. Structural changes of bamboo cellulose in formic acid. BioResources, 3: 297-315.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
